Role and impact of CO2–rock interactions during CO2 storage in sedimentary rocks

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the only viable technology to mitigate carbon emissions while allowing continued large-scale use of fossil fuels. The storage part of CCS involves injection of carbon dioxide, captured from large stationary sources, into deep geological formations. Deep saline aquifers have the largest identified storage potential, with estimated storage capacity sufficient to store emissions from large stationary sources for at least a century. This makes CCS a potentially important bridging technology in the transition to carbon-free energy sources. Injection of CO2 into deep saline aquifers leads to a multicomponent, multiphase flow system, in which geomechanics, geochemistry, and nonisothermal effects may be important. While the general system can be highly complex and involve many coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations, the underlying physics can sometimes lead to important simplifications. For example, the large density difference between injected CO2 and brine may lead to relatively fast buoyant segregation, making an assumption of vertical equilibrium reasonable. Such simplifying assumptions lead to a range of simplified governing equations whose solutions have provided significant practical insights into system behavior, including improved estimates of storage capacity, easy-to-compute estimates of CO2 spatial migration and pressure response, and quantitative estimates of leakage risk. When these modeling studies are coupled with observations from well-characterized injection operations, understanding of the overall system behavior is enhanced significantly. This improved understanding shows that, while economic and policy challenges remain, CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers appears to be a viable technology and can contribute substantially to climate change solutions.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2015WR017609

Status of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers with emphasis on modeling approaches and practical simulations

https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/25848/2/IJGGC_SRCCS_risk_review_final.pdf

Recent advances in risk assessment and risk management of geologic CO2 storage

Thermodynamic modelling of alkali-activated slag cements

Application of thermodynamic modelling to hydrated cements

/pdf/a-generic-fep-database-for-the-assessment-of-long-term-4c5wx0h6eg.pdf

A Generic FEP Database for the Assessment of Long-Term Performance and Safety of the Geological Storage of CO 2

Thermodynamic and fully-coupled reactive transport models of a steel–bentonite interface

The potential deleterious geochemical interactions of clay with cement/concrete may provide a constraint on the use of the latter material in deep geological disposal facilities for radioactive wastes. Consequently, it is important to have a fundamental understanding of these interactions to be able to assess their likely impact over the long timescales appropriate to the isolation of radioactive wastes from the human environment. Here, a laboratory experiment investigating the effects of cementitious water diffusing through bentonite has been simulated using a coupled reactive-transport geochemical modelling code. The modelling study was carried out before the results of the experiments were available, as an exercise in ‘blind’ modelling. A sensitivity study was carried out to investigate uncertainties associated with a number of input parameters, such as the precise nature of kinetic and ion-exchange reactions, diffusion coefficients, pore water composition, and montmorillonite dissolution models. The experiments used two types of fluid; one consisting of Ca(OH) 2 showed little mineralogical alteration, which was predicted by the simulations. A high pH K–Na–OH-based water however, caused alteration (pore blocking by hydrotalcite, gibbsite and brucite growth) to a depth of ∼ 2 mm in the bentonite after a period of 1 yr. Experimental evidence showed that ion exchange of Mg-montmorillonite to K-montmorillonite was not confined to this thin region however, and was found to extend throughout the whole of the bentonite sample. The pore blocking by mineral precipitation and movement of ion exchange fronts through the bentonite were accurately simulated by the model. The choice of dissolution model for montmorillonite played an important role in the outcome of the simulations. Of the cases considered in the sensitivity study, that employing the so-called ‘Yamaguchi model’ was the best match, exhibiting all the main characteristics of the experiment, including pore blocking, brucite precipitation, minor montmorillonite dissolution, and the replacement of Mg- by K-montmorillonite throughout the length of the bentonite. Other factors (mineral growth rates, the smectite surface area, and the inclusion of trace minerals in the bentonite mineralogy) had a smaller impact (across the range of variability studied) upon the simulation results over the timescales considered. However, extrapolation of the results of the experiments and modelling to the timescales of interest for the isolation of radioactive wastes will require more realistic modelling of secondary mineral growth rates in the bentonite alteration process.

Reaction and Diffusion of Cementitious Water in Bentonite: Results of `Blind' Modelling

Reaction and diffusion of cementitious water in bentonite: Results of ‘blind’ modelling

Reactive transport modelling of a cement backfill for radioactive waste disposal

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