Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Traditional mechanistic accounts of language processing derive almost entirely from the study of monologue. Yet, the most natural and basic form of language use is dialogue. As a result, these accounts may only offer limited theories of the mechanisms that un- derlie language processing in general. We propose a mechanistic account of dialogue, the interactive alignment account, and use it to de- rive a number of predictions about basic language processes. The account assumes that, in dialogue, the linguistic representations em- ployed by the interlocutors become aligned at many levels, as a result of a largely automatic process. This process greatly simplifies production and comprehension in dialogue. After considering the evidence for the interactive alignment model, we concentrate on three aspects of processing that follow from it. It makes use of a simple interactive inference mechanism, enables the development of local di- alogue routines that greatly simplify language processing, and explains the origins of self-monitoring in production. We consider the need for a grammatical framework that is designed to deal with language in dialogue rather than monologue, and discuss a range of implica- tions of the account.

/pdf/toward-a-mechanistic-psychology-of-dialogue-2jquck2ahu.pdf

Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue

Reviews indicate that the dominant perspective in the diffusion of innovation literature contains proinnovation biases which suggest that innovations and the diffusion of innovations will benefit adopters. As a result, it is difficult to either address or begin answering the questions: when and how do technically inefficient innovations diffuse? or when and how are technically efficient innovations rejected? This article has two goals: (1) to develop a typology that focuses attention on three less dominant perspectives that can be used to guide research on these questions and (2) to suggest how organizational scientists can develop more encompassing theories of innovation diffusion and rejection by using the theoretical tensions that exist between the dominant perspective and the three perspectives developed in this article. These resolutions are important because they indicate that processes which prompt the adoption of efficient innovations may coexist with processes that prompt the adoption of ineffici...

Managerial Fads and Fashions: The Diffusion and Rejection of Innovations

The authors thank Rakesh Khurana, Mark Shanley, and Edward Zajac for valuable comments on earlier versions of this paper. The paper has also benefited from the helpful comments of Christine Oliver and three anonymous reviewers for ASQ, as well as the editorial assistance of Linda Johanson. The following groups provided data used in this study: The AHA Hospital Research and Educational Trust, the AHA Data Survey Group, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, and the Health Care Investment Analysts. We also thank the Baxter Foundation and the Graduate Program in Health Services Management at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management for generously funding this research. Additional support was provided by the A.C. Buehler Chair in Health Services Management at the Kellogg School. An earlier version of the paper received the 1996 West Press Best Paper Award in the Organization and Management Theory Division of the Academy of Management. This study develops a theoretical framework that integrates institutional and network perspectives on the form and consequences of administrative innovations. Hypotheses are tested with survey and archival data on the implementation of total quality management (TQM) programs and the consequences for organizational efficiency and legitimacy in a sample of over 2,700 U.S. hospitals. The results show that early adopters customize TQM practices for efficiency gains, while later adopters gain legitimacy from adopting the normative form of TQM programs. The findings suggest that institutional factors moderate the role of network membership in affecting the form of administrative innovations adopted and provide strong evidence for the importance of institutional factors in determining how innovations are defined and implemented. We discuss implications for theory and research on institutional processes and network effects and for the literatures on innovation adoption and total quality management.*

/pdf/customization-or-conformity-an-institutional-and-network-2c8b5py8hu.pdf

Customization or Conformity? An Institutional and Network Perspective on the Content and Consequences of TQM Adoption

Social psychology stands to benefit from multilevel theories that link it to both lower and higher levels of analysis. Making the link, however, requires a level of theoretical rigor heretofore relatively uncommon in the social sciences. After refuting several common objections to this brand of theorizing, I offer a rationale and a set of criteria for multilevel theory construction.

Current research in social psychology

Derivations from nonverbal communications accommodation theory are tested, and this knowledge is extended both theoretically and methodologically. Fast fourier transform and statistical analysis of a low-frequency nonverbal signal-in voices from 25 dyadic interviews between a talk show host and his guests revealed voice convergence between partners. Correlation coefficients from comparisons of partners' voice spectra and factor analysis of the correlation matrix showed that lower status partners accommodated their voices to higher status partners via the nonverbal signal. Student ratings of the social status of the same talk show host and guests were correlated with factor loadings, thereby providing convergent validity of the nonverbal signal as a predictor of social status perceptions and accommodation.

/pdf/a-nonverbal-signal-in-voices-of-interview-partners-5e89ka20i0.pdf

A nonverbal signal in voices of interview partners effectively predicts communication accommodation and social status perceptions.

Teachers’ recognition and reporting of child abuse: a factorial survey

According to interactionist theory, recognition and reporting of child abuse will vary by characteristics of the event, characteristics of the observer, and characteristics of the organization in which the process occurs. To test hypotheses derived from this theory, a factorial survey design was employed. A probability sample of nurses ( N = 1,038) responded to vignettes where case characteristic variables were systematically manipulated. Analysis using ordinary least squares regression showed that case characteristics involving type and level of seriousness of abuse, perpetrator status, and perpetrator psychology had the greatest effects on the average recognition and reporting scores. Victim age and gender had consistently significant but small effects on both recognition and reporting. Perpetrator account had mixed effects on recognition and reporting. The addition of nurse characteristics and organizational characteristics accounted for a small additional amount of the variance.

Nurses' Responses to Child Abuse A Factorial Survey

Definitions that emerge when people react to behaviors that can be viewed as mistreatment were compared in a research design that varied the status of the victim: child, elderly parent, husband, or wife. Vignettes developed by Giovannoni and Becerra (1979) were adopted for use in this study by varying reference to the perpetrator and the victim. Factor analysis of the seriousness ratings of the vignettes by a purposive sample of lay respondents, college students (N=214), showed, with minor exceptions, similar definitions for failure to provide, emotional mistreatment, and sexual abuse across the victim groups. Many similarities and differences between victim groups appear related to the dependent status of the victim. Definitions for mistreatment of wives and husbands were alike, but differed from those for children and the elderly.

Differentiation of family mistreatment: Similarities and differences by status of the victim

The use of a factorial survey to measure the clinical judgments of professionals is described. This design allows the researcher to partial out the effects of variables on clinical decision making while using probability sampling. Methods frequently used to study judgments are reviewed and a study of nurses' judgments about patients' confusional episodes are used to illustrate the application of the factorial survey. Acute confusion in patients is a common clinical problem for nurses working in medical-surgical units in acute care hospitals. Using the factorial survey to study a real-life problem such as confusion demonstrates how this design can be used to test judgments in complex clinical situations, to aid in concept development, and to identify consensus among professionals.

Measuring Judgments of Professionals: Using Vignettes in a Social Survey About Patient Confusion

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