The 2 main objectives of this article are to review a variety of literatures in which the concept of compensation is used and to integrate the results of this review into a general framework of compensation. The review focuses on 4 domains of psychological inquiry: compensation for sensory handicaps, cognitive deficits, interpersonal losses, and brain injury. In the proposed framework, underlying dimensions and 4 basic steps in the progression of compensatory behavior are distinguished. The latter include origins, mechanisms, forms, and consequences. Finally, we describe ways in which researchers in particular domains can benefit from the global, process-oriented framework we propose. For most of the areas of compensation research reviewed, investigators can profit from a consideration of a broader selection of dimensions, additional steps in the process, alternative outcomes, and both objective and subjective assessment procedures.

Psychological compensation: a theoretical framework.

Sympathetic sprouting in the central nervous system: a model for studies of axonal growth in the mature mammalian brain

Brain damage and neuroplasticity: mechanisms of recovery or development?

Hemiparkinsonism in a monkey after unilateral internal carotid artery infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is associated with regional ipsilateral changes in striatal dopamine D-2 receptor density.

Most of this book (chapters 4 through 16) is a review of the demonstrated and potential mechanisms of recovery from brain damage, and this review is good. The material, which may be unfamiliar to most readers, is organized in a thoughtful manner. It allows easy progress through the various anatomical, neurochemical, and physiological evidences of nervous system recovery. Animal experiments are reviewed in detail, allowing the reader to make some independent judgment of their validity and value. For each possible aspect of recovery, both the positive and negative data are presented in a fair manner, and there are numerous occasions in the text when the authors stop to summarize and to clarify succinctly an entire area of research. Areas of research that might seem unrelated, such as axonal sprouting and denervation supersensitivity, are tied together in the text in a useful manner. The audience for these chapters should include neurologists,

Brain Damage and Recovery: Research and Clinical Perspectives

1 Longevity, Disease, and Autoimmune Reactions following Focal Cortical Injuries.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Longevity.- 3. Disease Profiles.- 4. Neuron-Binding Antibodies.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Aging and Hypothalamic Regulation of Metabolic, Autonomic, and Endocrine Function.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Theories of Aging.- 1.2. Aging-Related Changes in Behavioral and Physiological Function.- 2. Structure and Function of the Hypothalamus.- 3. Hypothalamic Theories of Aging.- 3.1. Dilman's Hypothalamic Elevation Theory.- 3.2. Groen's Hypothalamic Theory.- 3.3. Frolkis's Hypothalamic Disregulation Theory.- 4. Effects of Hypothalamic Damage.- 4.1. Lateral Hypothalamic Damage.- 4.2. Ventromedial Hypothalamic Damage.- 5. Aging-Hypothalamic Damage Comparisons.- 6. Overview and Summary.- References.- 3 Morphological Measurements in the Aging Rat Cerebral Cortex.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neuronal and Glial Cell Number Changes during Aging.- 2.1. Dendritic Branching.- 2.2. Dendritic Density.- 2.3. Dendritic Length.- 2.4. Dendritic Spines.- 3. Aging and Impoverishment.- 3.1. Dendrites.- 3.2. Oblique Branching.- 3.3. Oblique Length.- 3.4. Spines.- 4. Summary.- References.- 4 Morphologic Aspects of Brain Damage in Aging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reactive Synaptogenesis in Young Adult Animals.- 3. Normal Anatomy of the Aged Hippocampus.- 3.1. Light Microscopic Analysis.- 3.2. Electron Microscopic Analysis.- 4. Reactive Synaptogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus of Aged Animals.- 4.1. Light Microscopic Analysis.- 4.2. Ultrastructural Analysis.- 5. Adrenergic Sprouting in the Limbic System of Aged Rats.- 6. Possible Mechanisms for Reduced Sprouting Capacity.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Relationship of the Raphe and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei to Serotonin Facilitation of Cyclic Reproductive Functions in Aging Female Rats.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Temporal Patterns of Hypothalamic 5-HT and Cyclic Reproductive Function.- References.- 6 Behavioral Consequences of Neuronal Plasticity following Injury to Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Approaches to Studying the Neural Events Mediating Behavioral Recovery.- 3. Inattention to Stimuli.- 4. Neglect after Nigrostriatal Injury as a Model System.- 5. Neural Events Contributing to Recovery of Sensorimotor Functions.- 5.1. Basal Gangliar Glucose Utilization.- 5.2. Compensatory Changes at Residual Neostriatal Dopaminergic Synapses and Recovery.- 5.3. Recovery from Nigrostriatal Injury in Senescence.- 5.4. Lithium Effects on Recovery.- 6. Future Directions.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Do Rats Have Hypotheses? A Developmental and Means-Ends Analyses Approach to Brain Damage, Recovery of Function, and Aging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Subjects and Surgery.- 2.2. Behavioral Testing.- 2.3. Histology.- 2.4. Data Analysis.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Qualitative Results.- 3.2. Medial Frontal Lesion Analysis.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 8 Age, Brain Damage, and Behavioral Recovery.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Spatial Alternation Learning.- 2.1. General Methodology.- 2.2. Single-Stage Lesion Effects.- 2.3. Serial Lesion Effect.- 3. Emotional Reactivity.- 4. DRL-20 Performance.- 5. Discussion.- References.- 9 Age and Recovery from Brain Damage: A Review of Clinical Studies.- 1. Functional Plasticity after Early Brain Injury.- 1.1. Implications of Ablation Experiments for Recovery in Children: Methodological Issues in Recovery from Brain Injury at Different Ages.- 1.2. Perinatal and Neonatal Injury.- 1.3. Early Lateralized Brain Injury.- 1.4. Diffuse Insult to the Young Brain.- 2. Head Injury through the Lifespan.- 2.1. Incidence.- 2.2. Cause of Head Injury.- 2.3. Risk Factors.- 3. Pathophysiology of Closed-Head Injury in Relation to Age.- 4. Effects of Age on Outcome after Head Injury.- 5. Early and Late Neurobehavioral Effects of Head Injury.- 5.1. Subacute Behavioral Effects after Head Injury in Children.- 5.2. Residual Neuropsychological Sequelae.- 5.3. Residual Behavioral Disturbance after Head Injury in Children.- 5.4. Summary of Research on Recovery after Head Injury.- 6. Directions for Future Research.- References.- 10 Recovery of Function in Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Alzheimer's Disease: The Clinical and Biochemical Problem.- 3. Behavioral Strategies for Cognitive Deficits of Alzheimer's Disease.- 4. Pharmacologic Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease.- 5. Cholinergic Systems, Trophic Substances, and Potential Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease.- 6. Pharmacologic Enhancement of a Trophic Factor Effect.- References.

Aging and Recovery of Function in the Central Nervous System

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Aging and Recovery of Function in the Central Nervous System