Most artificial intelligence research investigates intelligent behavior for a single agent--solving problems heuristically, understanding natural language, and so on. Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) is concerned with coordinated intelligent behavior: intelligent agents coordinating their knowledge, skills, and plans to act or solve problems, working toward a single goal, or toward separate, individual goals that interact. DAI provides intellectual insights about organization, interaction, and problem solving among intelligent agents. This comprehensive collection of articles shows the breadth and depth of DAI research. The selected information is relevant to emerging DAI technologies as well as to practical problems in artificial intelligence, distributed computing systems, and human-computer interaction. 

"Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence" proposes a framework for understanding the problems and possibilities of DAI. It divides the study into three realms: the natural systems approach (emulating strategies and representations people use to coordinate their activities), the engineering/science perspective (building automated, coordinated problem solvers for specific applications), and a third, hybrid approach that is useful in analyzing and developing mixed collections of machines and human agents working together. 

The editors introduce the volume with an important survey of the motivations, research, and results of work in DAI. This historical and conceptual overview combines with chapter introductions to guide the reader through this fascinating field. A unique and extensive bibliography is also provided.

Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence

An object based data processing system including an extensible set of object types and a corresponding set of "object managers" wherein each object manager is a program for operating with the data stored in a corresponding type of object. The object managers in general support at least a standard set of operations. Any program can effect performance of these standard operations on objects of any type by making an "invocation" request. In response to an invocation request, object management services (which are available to all object managers) identifies and invokes an object manager that is suitable for performing the requested operation on the specified type of data. A mechanism is provided for linking data from one object into another object. An object catalog includes both information about objects and about links between objects. Data interchange services are provided for communicating data between objects of different types, using a set of standard data interchange formats. A matchmaker facility permits two processes that are to cooperate in a data interchange operation identify each other and to identify data formats they have in common. A facility is provided for managing shared data "resources". Customized versions of resources can be created and co-exist with standard resources. A resource retrieval function determines whether a customized or a standard resource is to be returned in response to each request for a resource.

Integration of data between typed objects by mutual, direct invocation between object managers corresponding to object types

An object based data processing system including an extensible set of object types and a corresponding set of "object managers" wherein each object manager is a program for operating with the data stored in a corresponding type of object. The object managers in general support at least a standard set of operations. Any program can effect performance of these standard operations on objects of any type by making an "invocation" request. In response to an invocation request, object management services (which are available to all object managers) identifies and invokes an object manager that is suitable for performing the requested operation on the specified type of data. A mechanism is provided for linking data from one object into another object. A object catalog includes both information about objects and about links between objects. Data interchange services are provided for communicating data between objects of different types, using a set of standard data interchange formats. A matchmaker facility permits two processes that are to cooperate in a data interchange operation identify each other and to identify data formats they have in common. A facility is provided for managing shared data "resources", Customized versions of resources can be created and co-exist with standard resources. A resource retrieval function determines whether a customized or a standard resource is to be returned in response to each request for a resource.

Data integration by object management

Event Based Behavioral Abstraction (EBBA) is a high-level debugging approach which treats debugging as a process of creating models of actual behavior from the activity of the system and comparing these to models of expected system behavior. The differences between the actual and expected models are used to characterize erroneous system behavior and direct further investigation.A set of EBBA-based tools has been implemented that users can employ to construct libraries of behavior models and investigate the behavior of an errorful system through these models. EBBA evolves naturally as a cooperative distributed program that can take better advantage of computational power available in a network computer system to enhance debugging tool transparency, reduce latency and uncertainty for fundamental debugging activities and accommodate diverse, heterogeneous architectures.

Debugging heterogeneous distributed systems using event-based models of behavior

In this paper we describe a multistage negotiation paradigm for planning in a distributed environment with decentralized control and limited interagent communication. The application domain of interest involves the monitoring and control of a complex communications system. In this domain planning for service restoral is performed in the context of incomplete and possibly invalid information which may be updated dynamically during the course of planning. In addition, the goal of the planning activity may not be achievable — the problem may be overconstrained. Through multistage negotiation, a planner is able to recognize when the problem is overconstrained and to find a solution to an acceptable related problem under these conditions. A key element in this process is the ability to detect sub-goal interactions in a distributed environment and reason about their impact. Multistage negotiation provides a means by which an agent can acquire enough knowledge to reason about the impact of local activity on nonlocal state and modify its behavior accordingly.

Multistage negotiation in distributed planning

Recoverable Actions in Gutenberg.

THE GUTENBERG SYSTEM IS A PORT-BASED, OBJECT-ORIENTED OPERATING SYSTEM KERNEL DESIGNED TO FACILIATE THE DESIGN AND STRUCTURING OF PROCESSES IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS THIS IS ACHIEVED BY PROVIDING PRIMITIVES FOR STRUCT- URING PROCESSES THROUGH CONTROLLED PROCESS INTERCONNECTIONS AND THROUGH ACCESS TO SHARED RESOURCES ONLY SHARED RESOURCES ARE VIEWED AS PROTECTED OBJECTS AND HENCE, ALL SHARED RESOURCES CAN BE ACCESSED ONLY BY SPECIFIC OPERATIONS DEFINED ON THEM PROCESSES COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER AND ACCESS PROTECTED OBJECTS THROUGH THE USE OF PORTS EACH PORT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN ABSTRACT DATA TYPE OPERATION AND CAN BE CREATED BY A PROCESS ONLY IF THE PROCESS POSSESSES THE PRIVILEGE TO EXECUTE THAT OPERATION PRIVI- LEGES ARE REPRESENTED BY ONE OR MORE CAPABILITIES THUS, ACCESS CONTROL TO SHARED RESOURCES IS ACHIEVED BY CONTROLLING THE ACQUISITION OF CAPABILITIES TO CREATE PORTS BY PROCESSES CAPABILITIES TO CREATE PORTS FOR REQUESTING OPERATIONS ARE CONTAINED IN THE CAPABILITY DIRECTORY WHICH IS A KERNEL OBJECT, IE, IS MAINTAINED AND MANIPULATED ONLY BY THE KERNEL THE PURPOSE OF THE CAPABILITY DIRECTORY IS TO RESTRICT THE USE OF CAPABILITIES IN A CONSISTENT AND ORDERLY WAY AT ANY TIME, EACH PROCESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A SINGLE SUBDIRECTORY OF THE CAP- ABILITY DIRECTORY DESIGNATED AS ITS ACTIVE DIRECTORY THE PROTECTION DO- MAIN OF A PROCESS IS DEFINED BY THE SET OF STABLE CAPABILITIES IN ITS ACTIV

The Gutenberg operating system kernel

Gutenberg is a port-based operating system being designed to study protection issues in distributed systems. All shared resources are viewed as protected objects and hence can be assessed only via specific operations defined on them. Processes communicate and access objects through the use of ports. Each port is associated with an abstract data type operation and can be created by a process only if the process has the capability to execute the operation on the type. Thus, a port represents the privilege of the port's client process to request a service. Capabilities to create ports for requesting operations are contained in a capability directory, which is navigated by processes to gain these capabilities. Privilege transfer is a means of providing servers access to the resources they need to perform their services. In Gutenberg, privilege transfer is accomplished by allowing access to subdirectories of the capability directory and by passing capabilities, including port access capabilities, to processes via ports. It should be possible to revoke transferred privileges when breaches of trust are detected or suspected, when a period of time has passed beyond which the distributor of a privilege does not want the privilege shared, or when an error has been detected.

Privilege transfer and revocation in a port-based system

An interprocess communication facility provided by the kernel of the Gutenberg experimental operating system is presented. In Gutenberg all interprocess communication is via channels (ports) that are typed by the service which can be requested on them. Ports are created by reference to their service without using the identifier of the process providing the service, a technique the authors refer to as functional addressing. By using functional addressing, interprocess transfer of port use privileges and a new concept of cooperation class, arbitrary process interconnection topologies can be achieved without any explicit use of process identifiers by processes. Examples of object sharing with abstract data type managers and data-driven protocols of database query execution are presented to illustrate the methods of constructing systems of cooperation processes using the Gutenberg system.

Functional addressing in Gutenberg: Interprocess communication without process identifiers

Decentralized Access Control in a Distributed System.

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