Wireless networks are passing through a transition phase for the past few years now and this transition is giving a way towards the convergence of all IP-based networks to form the Next Generation Networks (NGNs). With the proliferation of these networks in daily life, users' needs are also increasing and service operators are offering different services to satisfy their customers for a better grade of service and an elevated quality of experience (QoE). However, a single operator cannot fulfill the huge demands of the users especially, if a user is nomadic. In nomadism, a user traverses number of available networks that might contain cellular or wireless data networks, usually known as heterogeneous wireless networks. These networks offer various services from email to live video streaming depending upon their capacity and nature. During this traversing procedure, a user switches among different networks to satisfy his/her needs in terms of quality of service. This process is commonly known as a vertical handover or handoff (VHO) due to the involvement of heterogeneous wireless networks in it. An extensive work has been carried out in this field in order to fulfill user demands for better QoS and QoE. In this paper, we give a detailed state-of-the-art of these existing vertical handover decision mechanisms that aim at providing ubiquitous connectivity to the mobile users. We have categorized these vertical handover measurement and decision schemes on the basis of their employed techniques and parameters. Also, we present a comprehensive summary of their advantages and drawbacks. This paper gives its readers an overview of the active research initiatives in the area of handover decision making process in heterogeneous wireless networks and identifies the challenges behind the seamless services provisioning during mobility.

Enabling Vertical Handover Decisions in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks: A State-of-the-Art and A Classification

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is an emergent technology that has revolutionized traditional cloud service solutions. Mobile edge computing extends cloud computing by providing processing, storage, and networking capabilities at the edge of the mobile network. Delay‐sensitive and context‐aware applications are able to execute within close proximity of mobile users. Additionally, today's cloud services are not tailored to user specifications, but rather diversified toward a group of users. To guarantee delivery of user‐specific services in 5G networks, service composition techniques should be incorporated. This article envisions a real‐time, context‐aware, service‐composition collaborative framework that lies at the edge of the network, comprising MEC and user devices for fast composite service delivery. The proposed solution decomposes cloud data into a set of files and services, which are then replicated to MEC nodes. Frequently requested files and services are further cached onto user mobile devices for faster access. Both MEC nodes and mobile users advertise their services onto the collaborative edge/user space, where services are delivered either composite or unrendered according to users' requests. Service composition is achieved through a learning‐based workflow‐net approach that relies on previous composition results to build service composition models to be used for new compositions. The presented solution provides guaranteed and fast delivery of the requested cloud composite services to end users while sustaining QoS requirements and load balancing among edge and mobile nodes.

A collaborative mobile edge computing and user solution for service composition in 5G systems

Paralleling the increasing traffic and the associated degradation of services in operators' networks, there have been numerous research initiatives to explore potential solutions to better optimize network resources and maintain a high quality of experience (QoE) for subscribers. Although several possible solutions do exist, the focus of this paper is to survey one specific emerging family of solutions, called offload. Offloading's primary goal is to avoid transporting low priority traffic in costly networks in order to avoid degrading the perceived QoE. In particular, mobile operators target traffics that cause network congestion without creating any additional revenue. Offloading is based on traffic redirection from parts of the network where congestion could occur to other low-cost parts of the network where capacity is available and less expensive. In this paper, we present a survey on the offload approaches at different parts of the global network (access, core, and gateway). The aim of these approaches is to help mobile operators to face challenges such as capacity crunch, radio access saturation, average revenues per user decrease, and lack of indoor coverage.

A Comprehensive Survey on Offload Techniques and Management in Wireless Access and Core Networks

Content delivery through cloud networks has gained popularity due to the cloud’s ability to provide on-demand services. However, composite services, such as customized multimedia content, introduce both delays and resource limitations if traditional cloud solutions are used. With recent advances in mobile edge computing, customized media delivery can be achieved through compositions of service specific overlays (SSOs). This paper presents a workflow-net-based mechanism for mobile edge node cooperation in fog-cloud networks to form guaranteed SSOs. The proposed solution uses a mathematical cooperation operator to turn the SSO composition problem expressed as workflow nets into algebraic representations. In turn, the minimal cost cooperative path from the workflow net is determined such that it guarantees the delivery of the requested composite media services to clients. Experimental results show that the composition process can be adequately established and carried out in a timely manner.

Workflow-Net Based Service Composition Using Mobile Edge Nodes

Cloud computing improves utilization and flexibility of allocating computing resources while reducing the infrastructural costs. However, cloud technology is still proprietary in many cases and is tainted by security issues rooted in the multi-tenant environment of the cloud. For instance, the virtual machines of two competing companies could be served by the same underlying host machine in an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) type of cloud and this represents a security threat to be addressed. As a solution to this multi-tenancy problem, the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) offers a standardized way to authenticate and protect data flows between tenants belonging to the same security domain. In this paper, we have experimented with HIP in order to address the multi-tenant challenges for public and hybrid IaaS clouds. In our design, developers and administrators can access cloud services directly over HIP, whereas consumers access the cloud without HIP using a reverse HTTP proxy. The proxy also acts as a load balancer for a distributed test service deployed both in an EC2 public cloud and a private cloud. The performance of the system offers efficiency comparable to SSL and essentially utilizes the same cryptographic algorithms with similar processing costs. Consequently, this implies that the proposed scheme is a viable alternative to mitigate some of the privacy issues related to multi-tenancy within a single data center and to secure communications between two clouds in the case of a hybrid cloud.

/pdf/secure-networking-for-virtual-machines-in-the-cloud-575ppsuxlu.pdf

Secure Networking for Virtual Machines in the Cloud

Some multimedia content may be divisible into independently routable components, e.g. audio and video flows. As a result media content adaptation services may be linked in serial, parallel and hybrid configurations to form a directed, acyclic graph of composed services. We specify a distributed service path selection scheme for the construction of composed directed service graphs, which integrates a peer-to-peer routing algorithm, a service discovery mechanism, and abstract scheme for content description. Our approach enables the autonomous selection of converging and non-converging service graphs, which enable media content to be separated into sub-components and delivered to separate devices, applications or network interfaces. Our content, client and service description scheme focuses on addressing mobility, multi-device, and multi-homing requirements. We include results of simulation designed to study the performance of several service discovery options, and present initial conclusions based on our findings.

A distributed scheme for autonomous service composition

This paper discusses issues relating to the design of a generic, protocol independent communication endsystem to support mobility, heterogeneity, and multihoming. We identify a set of extensions to the communication stack to support various types of mobility. The introduced extensions are based on the concept of communication endpoints, a concept which features in many previous research contributions. We also identify a number of mobile objects requiring mobility support, thus extending the notion of mobility past the mobility of devices to include mobility of content, application services, and human users. We demonstrate our views by comparing session layer mobility management with other solutions, and conclude our analysis with a discussion of design principles for mobility management schemes.

Internet Mobility: An Approach to Mobile End-System Design

Personalised networks (PN) introduce new mobility management challenges since individual devices participating in a PN may exhibit different mobility behaviour relative to one another and to human users. Mobility events may result in devices either leaving or joining the PN. In this paper we propose that PN mobility be managed by redirecting ongoing application data streams between endpoint devices in the PN. We describe a scheme to facilitate application level inter-device mobility by extending the PN to include composed network based adaptation services that adapt and reroute ongoing data streams to new endpoint devices. In order to cope with device heterogeneity and mobility, services are composed on demand and adapted in response to changes in the availability of endpoint devices. We analyse simulation results which show that our approach enables enhanced mobility handling over a range of conditions.

Service Composition for Mobile Personal Networks

We develop a scheme for host identity delegation based on the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) We show how this scheme can be applied to enable the movement of communication sessions between devices eg in a Personal Area Network (PAN), or to securely and seamlessly insert any number of service proxies in between session endpoints eg to adapt data to suit different devices in a PAN Identities are securely delegated by relaying HIP signalling messages to the device that owns the private key This avoids security issues caused by dissemination of private keys This also ensures that delegated endpoint identities are instantly and permanently revocable by the original device which remains in full control of the private key used to authorize use of the identity We show that the delegation process introduces minimal additional signalling, and present results of evaluation of a prototype which show the scheme results in no detriment to the performance of HIP

Secure Host Identity Delegation for Mobility

Most existing mobility management protocols can be broadly categorized into three major categories: higher level protocols (e.g. SIP, SLM, MSOCKS, TCP migrate, freeze TCP, L7-mobility etc), lower level protocols (e.g. LWAPP, IAPP, MIP, CIP, HMIP, LIN6 etc) and middle layer protocols (e.g. HIP, MAST, MOBIKE etc). In general, lower layer protocols handle device mobility without affecting the higher layers. The higher layer protocols manage the mobility at the socket level and may also support session mobility. The middle layer protocols are targeted to provide loose coupling between higher and lower layer protocols, so that changes in lower layers are invisible to the higher layers and vice versa. All these protocols have their strengths and weaknesses and most try to give a complete mobility solution without considering services provided by other mobility management protocols. Therefore, in this paper we introduce a notion of "mobility enabled protocol stack" based on the concept of mobility management protocol coexistence. We argue that mobility management is a requirement and every layer in the OSI stack has its own responsibility to fulfill this requirement. In order to support our argument in this paper we present a case study for co-existence of host identity protocol (HIP) and session layer mobility (SLM) to provide a complete mobility solution.

A Case Study for Mobility Management Protocol Co-existence

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