The small (40S) subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes is believed to bind initially at the capped 5'-end of messenger RNA and then migrate, stopping at the first AUG codon in a favorable context for initiating translation. The first-AUG rule is not absolute, but there are rules for breaking the rule. Some anomalous observations that seemed to contradict the scanning mechanism now appear to be artifacts. A few genuine anomalies remain unexplained.

/pdf/the-scanning-model-for-translation-an-update-52r2in8l71.pdf

The scanning model for translation: an update.

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(00)80453-5.pdf

Identification of Clonogenic Common Lymphoid Progenitors in Mouse Bone Marrow

Dendritic cells: unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune response.

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) stimulates the proliferation of B cell progenitors, thymocytes, and mature T cells through an interaction with a high affinity receptor (IL-7R) belonging to the hematopoietin receptor superfamily. We have further addressed the role of IL-7 and its receptor during B and T cell development by generating mice genetically deficient in IL-7R. Mutant mice display a profound reduction in thymic and peripheral lymphoid cellularity. Analyses of lymphoid progenitor populations in IL-7R-deficient mice define precisely those developmental stages affected by the mutation and reveal a critical role for IL-7R during early lymphoid development. Significantly, these studies indicate that the phase of thymocyte expansion occurring before the onset of T cell receptor gene rearrangement is critically dependent upon, and mediated by the high affinity receptor for IL-7.

https://rupress.org/jem/article-pdf/180/5/1955/1105935/1955.pdf

Early lymphocyte expansion is severely impaired in interleukin 7 receptor-deficient mice.

Interleukin (IL)-7 is a potent stimulus for immature T and B cells and, to a lesser extent, mature T cells. We have inactivated the IL-7 gene in the mouse germline by using gene-targeting techniques to further understand the biology of IL-7. Mutant mice were highly lymphopenic in the peripheral blood and lymphoid organs. Bone marrow B lymphopoiesis was blocked at the transition from pro-B to pre-B cells. Thymic cellularity was reduced 20-fold, but retained normal distribution of CD4 and CD8. Splenic T cellularity was reduced 10-fold. Splenic B cells, also reduced in number, showed an abnormal population of immature B cells in adult animals. The remaining splenic populations of lymphocytes showed normal responsiveness to mitogenic stimuli. These data show that proper T and B cell development is dependent on IL-7. The IL-7-deficient mice are the first example of single cytokine-deficient mice that exhibit severe lymphoid abnormalities.

https://rupress.org/jem/article-pdf/181/4/1519/1106581/1519.pdf

Lymphopenia in interleukin (IL)-7 gene-deleted mice identifies IL-7 as a nonredundant cytokine.

The events involved in the commitment and development of lymphoid lineage cells are poorly understood. We have used a recently described long-term culture system1 to establish a bioassay that can detect a novel growth factor capable of stimulating the proliferation of lymphoid progenitors2. Using direct expression in mammalian cells we have isolated a complementary DNA clone encoding this novel haematopoietic growth factor, designated interleukin-7.

Stimulation of B-cell progenitors by cloned murine interleukin-7.

A cDNA encoding biologically active human interleukin 7 was isolated by hybridization with the homologous murine clone Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that this cDNA was capable of encoding a protein of 177 amino acids with a signal sequence of 25 amino acids and a calculated mass of 174 kDa for the mature protein Recombinant human interleukin 7 stimulated the proliferation of murine pre-B cells and was active on cells harvested from human bone marrow that are enriched for B-lineage progenitor cells Analysis of RNA by blot hybridization demonstrated the presence of two size classes of interleukin 7 mRNA in human splenic and thymic tissue

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/86/1/302.full.pdf

Human interleukin 7: molecular cloning and growth factor activity on human and murine B-lineage cells.

Mammalian Interleukin-7 proteins (IL-7s), DNAs and expression vectors encoding mammalian IL-7s, and processes for producing mammalian IL-7s as products of cell culture, including recombinant systems, are disclosed.

Use of interleukin-7 to stimulate proliferation of hematopoietic cell precursors

Antibodies that are immunoreactive with interleukin-7 (IL-7) proteins are provided. The anti-IL-7 antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal. Certain embodiments are directed to antibodies that are immunoreactive with human IL-7.

Antibodies that are immunoreactive with interleukin-7

Purified il-7 (interleukin-7) and pharmaceutical compositions

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