Space debris monitoring is nowadays a priority for worldwide space agencies, due to the serious threat that these objects present. More and more efforts have been made to extend the network of available radar systems devoted to the control of space. A meticulous review has been done in this paper, in order to find and classify the considerable amounts of data provided by the scientific community that deal with RADAR measurement for the debris monitoring and tracking. The information gathered is organized based on the volume of found data and classified taking into account the geographical location of the facilities.

Crowded Space: A Review on Radar Measurements for Space Debris Monitoring and Tracking

The ever increasingly resident space object density poses a challenge for current and future space missions and assets. Space debris in low Earth orbit (LEO) are of particular interest because they are present in the highest concentration with respect to the other orbits. Radio frequency systems, and particularly radar, prove to be suitable answers to the need of observing space object, especially at LEO. The reasons behind this statement are in the ability of RF sensors to operate independently of illumination and weather conditions. Radio telescopes are present in a relatively large number and are widely used for space observation. They have large antenna gain and highly sensitive receivers, which make them act as perfect receivers for bistatic radar systems. This article will present the architecture, system, and signal processing aspects related to a radar/telescope RF system for space surveillance and tracking applications.

Multibistatic Radar for Space Surveillance and Tracking

Low Earth Orbit object observations using the Buckland Park VHF radar

The amount of space debris orbiting the Earth has seen a dramatic grow through the recent years. Its rising population increases the potential danger to space missions. At present time, it is urgent to gain as much information as possible in order to characterize this environment. The classification in term of size and angular speed plays an important role in the process of assessing space debris threat and improving the overall knowledge of the objects that occupy the space around the Earth. This paper proposes an innovative technique for Resident Space Objects (RSOs) feature estimation by using multi-bistatic radar.

Multi-Bistatic Radar for Resident Space Objects Feature Estimation

Monitoring objects in Earth’s orbit and preventing collisions is becoming an increasingly widespread task. In this regard, several monitoring systems using different type of sensors have been developed over time: Optical, Laser and Radar. In particular, and contrary to optical systems, Radar allows both day and night observation, in every weather condition. The aim of this work is to discuss the feasibility of a DVB-S2 based passive multi-bistatic radar system for the detection and tracking of Resident Space Objects (RSOs) and to consider its advantages, in comparison with active ground-based systems.

Resident Space Object Passive Bistatic Radar Detection Using DVB-S2 Signals

Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) segment is the part of Space Surveillance Awareness (SSA) program of ESA (European Space Agency) dedicated to the detection and tracking of debris in orbit around the Earth. A European consortium lead by ONERA has been constituted to realize a radar demonstrator in a realistic operational environment. It has been chosen to design, to develop, to realize and to validate one bistatic breadboard system to build a demonstrator for real radar capacities for space objects detection and tracking.

Bistatic space-debris surveillance radar

The European bistatic radar for space surveillance, developed by ONERA for the European Space Agency, was operated during the launch of the ExoMars mission on March 14th 2016. The spacecraft, attached to the Proton launcher, was well detected in real-time during its passage over South Europe (North of Spain). This paper presents the radar and the results of its operation as space surveillance system as well as a specific kinematic analysis of the ExoMars spacecraft as viewed from the radar.

Kinematic analysis of the ExoMars launcher change of orbit as detected during its passage over Europe

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 15 November, 2017 Accepted: 01 February, 2018 Online: 12 March, 2018 A bistatic radar breadboard for space surveillance has been developed by ONERA for the European Space Agency. This item was operated during the launch of the ExoMars mission on March 14th 2016. The spacecraft, attached to the Proton launcher, was well detected in real-time during its passage over South Europe. This paper presents the setting up of an experiment to detect this particular type of targets with the radar breadboard. The results of its operation as space surveillance system as well as a specific kinematic analysis of the ExoMars spacecraft as viewed from the radar.

/pdf/detection-of-exomars-launcher-during-its-passage-over-europe-3xljeesqz2.pdf

Detection of ExoMars launcher during its passage over Europe with Space Surveillance radar breadboard

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Bistatic space-debris surveillance radar

Kinematic analysis of the ExoMars launcher change of orbit as detected during its passage over Europe

Detection of ExoMars launcher during its passage over Europe with Space Surveillance radar breadboard