As a typical safety-critical system, satellite has extremely stringent requirements for reliability. However, some satellite components, especially attitude sensors, are prone to suffer from performance degradation or even drastic failure in space environment, which leads to serious threats to satellite. A series of fault diagnosis methods have been investigated to diagnose these failures. However, due to the increasingly complex structure and various operating conditions of satellite, it is still a challenging task to diagnose attitude sensor failures robustly and reliably. In addition, sophisticated diagnosis methods result in heavy calculations, which may not satisfy satellite autonomy requirements. Given these issues, this article proposes an integrated fault detection, isolation, and reconstruction (FDIR) scheme for attitude sensors, such as fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs) and star sensor, using an adaptive hybrid method. The parity equation (PE) approach is applied to detect gyros fault. On the basis of attitude kinematics model and sensor measurement equation, a novel adaptive extended Kalman filter (EKF) is developed simultaneously. Then, the chi-square test is established using an innovation sequence for detecting sensor fault. According to fault detection results, different reconstruction strategies are presented by autonomously tuning noise covariance parameters, which will be used to reconstruct the faults of gyros and star sensor. Combined with the PE approach and chi-square test, faults in gyroscopes and star sensor can be detected reliably. Then, using this adaptive algorithm, these failures can be isolated and reconstructed accurately. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented method is verified by simulating typical faults of gyros and star sensor.

Fault Detection, Isolation, and Reconstruction for Satellite Attitude Sensors Using an Adaptive Hybrid Method

A compact quad interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG) is demonstrated for attitude determination in space application, which combines efficiently multiplexing technology with redundancy technology. Compared with existing typical three-axis and four-axis systems, the IFOG not only reduces greatly the size, weight, power consumption and cost, but also improves dramatically the reliability. Based on the configuration, a multiplexing modulation method and a control method are proposed. A prototype is manufactured, which achieves the angle random walk of less than 0.025 deg/√h and the bias instability of less than 0.15 deg/h. The weight and power consumption of the prototype are 3.5 times and 2.6 times less than the existing system with roughly the same performance, respectively. The fault injection experiments are conducted and verify that the control method is available for fault recovery.

A Compact Four-Axis Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope Based on Multiplexing for Space Application

For over two decades the European Space Agency has investigated the possibility of using fiber optic sensors in spacecraft engineering as tools to advance the monitoring and control of spacecraft. The applications have been diverse covering both launcher and satellite applications and encompassing environments from cryogenic to high temperature re-entry applications. The aim of this review is to capture the history and status of fiber optic sensors for space applications demonstrating the breadth of applications that have been studied and the lessons learnt along the way. Finally, it is the intention of this review to look forward, pointing to how this technology can be used in the future and identifying what are the key remaining challenges to its further successful exploitation.

Fiber Optic Sensing in Spacecraft Engineering: An Historical Perspective From the European Space Agency

As one of the most successful applications in optical fiber sensing, interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG) has become the ideal choice for inertial navigation systems, and has been widely used in the fields of aviation, aerospace, navigation, and land. Exploring the theoretical noise limit and improving the practical precision are the objectives of FOG investigations, and the advanced photonic crystal fibers offer powerful approaches and potential to achieve these goals. In this review, the progress of photonic crystal fibers in FOGs research and applications for angular velocity measurement have been reviewed, together with the advanced technologies for improving the FOG's precision and reducing its volume. 

Advanced Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope for Inertial Sensing: A Review

Distributed polarization measurement is a significant way to evaluate polarization-maintaining fiber. It can assess the fiber's polarization preserving ability and locate internal defects and external perturbations of a long-distance PM fiber. Distributed polarization crosstalk of a fiber-optic polarization device accurately describes its time-dependent optical performance. Therefore, distributed polarization measurement technology can be used to predict and prevent the performance degradation and failure. However, the remaining shortcomings of existing measurement methods are low dynamic range, short measurement length, inadequate spatial resolution, and low diagnostic ability. This paper reviews recent advances in solving the above issues and presents ways to obtain high performances: a dynamic range > 90 dB, a measurement length > 10 km, a full range spatial resolution < 10 cm, and developments in time domain, frequency domain, and time-frequency domain diagnosis methods. All these high-performance techniques have led to more effective diagnosis of fiber optic sensing coils. This can be demonstrated by a series of comparative measurements and analysis of three PM fiber optic sensing coils in various configurations such as a randomly-wound spool of fiber and a free-standing coil quadrupole-pattern-wound from it, a second coil with and without a flange at various temperatures, and a third coil spliced to a Y waveguide. Each is one of the key configurations during the production processes or the application of the fiber sensing coil. The technical progress reviewed here will greatly promote the development, production, and application of fiber sensing coils.

Distributed Polarization Measurement for Fiber Sensing Coils: A Review

Based on the experience acquired early from pioneering work at Stanford University and Thomson-CSF starting in the mid 70s, fiber optic gyro (FOG) R&D began at Photonetics in the late 80s to yield OCTANS, a FOG-based inertial strapdown system providing attitude and gyro compassing, at the end of the 90s. This FOG activity was spun out from Photonetics in October 2000 to create iXsea with only 16 people. The product line was rapidly expanded with PHINS, an inertial-grade INS (Inertial Navigation System) and later with MARINS, a strategic-grade INS, as well as with ASTRIX systems developed for satellites in cooperation with EADS-Astrium (today Airbus Defence & Space). In 2010, iXsea merged with several subsidiaries of its parent company, iXcore, to create iXblue. Among these subsidiaries were iXfiber, a maker of specialty fibers, and Photline, producing lithium-niobate integrated optics, hence allowing iXblue to fully master the key FOG components supply chain. Ten years later, the ‘adventure' is continuing and the former start-up is now quite a significant player in the inertial world, especially for high-grade applications. The cumulated number of high-performance 3-axis systems in service has grown to over 8,000, i.e. more than 25,000 FOG axes, with a bias stability ranging from 30 mdeg/h down to 15 μdeg/h, and an angular random walk (ARW) performance ranging from 8 mdeg/√h down to 40 μdeg/√h depending on the size of their sensing coils (3 m2 to 1000 m2) and on the application!

The fiber optic gyro 'adventure' at Photonetics, iXsea and now iXblue

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The fiber optic gyro 'adventure' at Photonetics, iXsea and now iXblue