This article develops methods for determining visually appealing motion transitions using linear blending. Motion transitions are segues between two sequences of animation, and are important components for generating compelling animation streams in virtual environments and computer games. Methods involving linear blending are studied because of their efficiency, computational speed, and widespread use. Two methods of transition specification are detailed, center-aligned and start-end transitions. First, we compute a set of optimal weights for an underlying cost metric used to determine the transition points. We then evaluate the optimally weighted cost metric for generalizability, appeal, and robustness through a cross-validation and user study. Next, we develop methods for computing visually appealing blend lengths for two broad categories of motion. We empirically evaluate these results through user studies. Finally, we assess the importance of these techniques by determining the minimum sensitivity of viewers to transition durations, the just noticeable difference, for both center-aligned and start-end specifications.

Synthesis and evaluation of linear motion transitions

/pdf/enhancing-our-lives-with-immersive-virtual-reality-496gj7y20r.pdf

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

/pdf/how-we-experience-immersive-virtual-environments-the-concept-450rkg85yu.pdf

How we experience immersive virtual environments: the concept of presence and its measurement *

Improving performance in sports can be difficult because many biomechanical, physiological, and psychological factors come into play during competition. A better understanding of the perception-action loop employed by athletes is necessary. This requires isolating contributing factors to determine their role in player performance. Because of its inherent limitations, video playback doesn't permit such in-depth analysis. Interactive, immersive virtual reality (VR) can overcome these limitations and foster a better understanding of sports performance from a behavioral-neuroscience perspective. Two case studies using VR technology and a sophisticated animation engine demonstrate how to use information from visual displays to inform a player's future course of action.

Using Virtual Reality to Analyze Sports Performance

Typical high-level directives for locomotion of human-like characters are useful for interactive games and simulations as well as for off-line production animation. In this paper, we present a new scheme for planning natural-looking locomotion of a biped figure to facilitate rapid motion prototyping and task-level motion generation. Given start and goal positions in a virtual environment, our scheme gives a sequence of motions to move from the start to the goal using a set of live-captured motion clips. Based on a novel combination of probabilistic path planning and hierarchical displacement mapping, our scheme consists of three parts: roadmap construction, roadmap search, and motion generation. We randomly sample a set of valid footholds of the biped figure from the environment to construct a directed graph, called a roadmap, that guides the locomotion of the figure. Every edge of the roadmap is associated with a live-captured motion clip. Augmenting the roadmap with a posture transition graph, we traverse it to obtain the sequence of input motion clips and that of target footprints. We finally adapt the motion sequence to the constraints specified by the footprint sequence to generate a desired locomotion.

Planning biped locomotion using motion capture data and probabilistic roadmaps = 동작 포착 데이터 및 확률적 로드맵을 이용한 이족 이동 동작 계획

Virtual reality offers new tools for human motion understanding. Several applications have been widely used in teleoperation, military training, driving and flying simulators, and so forth. We propose to test if virtual reality is a valid training tool for the game of handball. We focused on the duel between a handball goalkeeper and a thrower. To this end, we defined a pilot experiment divided into two steps: an experiment with real subjects and another one with virtual throwers. The throwers' motions were captured in order to animate their avatar in a reality center. In this paper, we focused on the evaluation of presence when a goalkeeper is confronting these avatars. To this end, we compared the goalkeeper's gestures in the real and in the virtual experiment to determine if virtual reality engendered the same movements for the same throw. Our results show that gestures did not differ between the real and virtual environment. As a consequence, we can say that the virtual environment offered enough realism to initiate natural gestures. Moreover, as in real games, we observed the goalkeeper's anticipation to allow us to use virtual reality in future work as a way to understand the goalkeeper and thrower interactions. The main originality of this work was to measure presence in a sporting application with new evaluation methods based on motion capture.

Real handball goalkeeper vs. virtual handball thrower

Using motion capture systems to animate humanlike figures still remains difficult when the movements are complex or need to be adapted to geometric constraints. We propose a new method to blend several captured movements while adapting the trajectories to new skeletons and to unknown environments. For each body part (considered as resources), a priority is defined for each movement (considered as consumers). The trajectories applied to the skeleton consist of a weighted sum of the motions trajectories. A new technique to compute the weights is proposed. Finally, the system adapts the resulting trajectories to the synthetic skeleton and to the environment. The results enabled to animate up to one hundred actors in interactive environments

Motion blending for real-time animation while accounting for the environment

This paper introduces a new method for the coordination of human motion based on planning and AI techniques. Motions are considered as black boxes that are activated according to preconditions and produce postconditions in a hybrid, continuous and discrete world. Each part of the body is an autonomous entity that cooperates with the others as determined by global criteria, such as occupation rate and distance to a goal (common to all the entities). With this technique, we can easily specify and solve the motion coordination problem of a juggler that juggles with a dynamic number of balls in real time.

Human motion coordination: a juggler as an example

Human motion is so complex that model-based animation techniques still do not produce enough realistic trajectories. Consequently techniques based on real trajectories are commonly used in several application fields in order to animate human-like figures. Nevertheless the use of motion capture systems still remains difficult when the movements become complex (such as gymnastic figures) or are adapted to fit geometric constraints. We propose a software system to overcome several of these drawbacks and make it possible to directly apply captured trajectories to virtual actors. This system deals with the loss of data encountered in all optical systems, the various skeletons morphologies and the blending of several motions together in real time.

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072228/document

A Global Framework for Motion Capture

L'utilisation de systemes d'acquisition optique de mouvements est de plus en plus repandue pour animer des personnages synthetiques. Contrairement aux modeles d'animation, ils offrent l'avantage de produire des sequences tres personnalisees, mais posent encore a l'heure actuelle un certain nombre de problemes qui entrainent des temps de postproduction assez longs et couteux. Nous proposons une methode afin de raccourcir ces temps de production en gerant les problemes d'occlusion et de calcul des quaternions a appliquer a un squelette synthetique. Cet article developpe en particulier les solutions apportees aux traitements des occlusions qui limitent l'utilisation de ce type de materiel pour de grands nombres de mouvements.

Amélioration des trajectoires acquises par des systèmes optiques pour l'animation de personnages synthétiques

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