The present invention provides compositions comprising an anti-angiogenic factor, and a polymeric carrier. Representative examples of anti-angiogenic factors include Anti-Invasive Factor, Retinoic acids and derivatives thereof, and paclitaxel. Also provided are methods for embolizing blood vessels, and eliminating biliary, urethral, esophageal, and tracheal/bronchial obstructions.

Anti-angiogenic compositions and methods of use

Design and Production of Nanoparticles Formulated From Nano-Emulsion Templates-A Review

https://my.ece.msstate.edu/faculty/du/PR-FD.pdf

An improved box-counting method for image fractal dimension estimation

The preparation of polymeric particles and capsules by means of spontaneous droplet formation and subsequent polymer precipitation or synthesis is well-known. However, spontaneous emulsification is a phenomenon that has often been erroneously interpreted. This Minireview provides new insights into the preparation of metastable liquid dispersions by homogeneous liquid-liquid nucleation, and is based primarily on a recent study by Vitale and Katz (Langmuir, 2003, 19, 4105-4110). This spontaneous emulsification, which they named the Ouzo effect, occurs upon pouring, into water, a mixture of a totally water-miscible solvent and a hydrophobic oil--and optionally some water--thus generating long-lived small droplets, which are formed even though no surfactant is present. Herein, we review and reinterpret the most relevant publications on the synthesis of a variety of dispersions (pseudolatexes, silicone emulsions, biodegradable polymeric nanocapsules, etc.), which we believe have actually been synthesized using the Ouzo effect. The Ouzo effect may also become a substitute for high-shear techniques, which, to date have only been of limited utility on industrial scales.

Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules Created Using the Ouzo Effect: Spontaneous Emulsification as an Alternative to Ultrasonic and High-Shear Devices

Heterogeneity is a key feature of malignancy associated with adverse tumour biology. Quantifying heterogeneity could provide a useful non-invasive imaging biomarker. Heterogeneity on computed tomography (CT) can be quantified using texture analysis which extracts spatial information from CT images (unenhanced, contrast-enhanced and derived images such as CT perfusion) that may not be perceptible to the naked eye. The main components of texture analysis can be categorized into image transformation and quantification. Image transformation filters the conventional image into its basic components (spatial, frequency, etc.) to produce derived subimages. Texture quantification techniques include structural-, model- (fractal dimensions), statistical- and frequency-based methods. The underlying tumour biology that CT texture analysis may reflect includes (but is not limited to) tumour hypoxia and angiogenesis. Emerging studies show that CT texture analysis has the potential to be a useful adjunct in clinical oncologic imaging, providing important information about tumour characterization, prognosis and treatment prediction and response.

Quantifying tumour heterogeneity with CT.

The multifractal concept was introduced in the 1980s by Mandelbrot. This theory arose from the analysis of complex and/or discontinuous objects. In this study, we analyzed the data scatter obtained by a modified box-counting method. Considering the curved shape of the data scatter, it is noticeable that there is more than one slope corresponding to different fractal behavior of an object. In this work, to discriminate different fractal dimensions from data scatter obtained by box counting, we suggest a rigorous selection of data points. The results show that large ϵ’s usually characterize the embedding surface of the whole object and that small ϵ’s approximate the dimension of the substructure for discontinuous objects. They also show that a dimension can be associated with a density distribution of singularities.

Measurements of fractal dimension by box-counting: a critical analysis of data scatter

Nanocapsules of poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) and poly(isohexylcyanoacrylate) were prepared by addition of the monomer to an organic phase and subsequent mixing of the organic phase to an aqueous phase containing poloxamer 188, 238 or 407. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that in contrast to literature reports, polymerization occurred in the organic phase and nanocapsules were obtained by interfacial precipitation of the polymer without any significant change of the molecular weight. Addition of SO2 to the organic phase before the introduction of the monomer allowed preparation of nanocapsules with a lower molecular weight. Nanospheres were prepared in a similar way albeit using an organic phase that was completely miscible within the aqueous phase so that solid spheres were obtained. Density gradient centrifugation revealed that nanocapsules had a density intermediate between nanospheres and an emulsion prepared in the same way without addition of monomer to the organic phase. Further, the process used to prepare nanocapsules had a high yield since no oil droplets or nanospheres were obtained by this process. Zeta potential of the nanocapsules and spheres was found to be related to the molecular weight of the polymer: values as high as ≈ −42 mV were obtained for low molecular weight nanocapsules (MW ≈ 1000) compared to ≈ −l0mV for the emulsion and the high molecular weight nanocapsules (MW ≈ 100 000). Surface charge of the nanocapsules and molecular weight of their polymeric wall conditioned the adsorption capacity of poloxamers. Moreover, the highest adsorption was measured with the most hydrophobic poloxamer. These observations agree with previous work conducted on hydrophobic surfaces.

Poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanocapsules: physicochemical characterization and mechanism of formation.

Fractal geometry has been widely used to characterize irregular structures. Our interest in applying this concept in biomedical research leads us to the conclusion that there are no standard methods. In order to objectively set parameters involved in the estimation of fractal dimension, a significantly more accurate and efficient box-counting method based on a new algorithm was developed. Measurements of mathematical objects with known fractal dimension was performed using the traditional method and the proposed modification. The latter always yields results with less than 1% difference from the theoretical value, which represents a significant improvement.

A modified box-counting method

Polyurethane foam has been examined extensively because of its use in many implantable devices. The influence of different environments on polymer structure has been investigated via a number of clinical studies, animal models, in vitro experiments and mathematical models to predict biomaterial behavior. In this work, we employed image analysis and fractal geometry in three models of polymer degradation. In the in vivo and in vitro degradation models, we observed structural collapse and thinning of the polymer backbone, which resulted in a decrease of fractal dimension. Also, an original graphic model was developed. This computer-simulated erosion model was generated by pixel withdrawal from images. A relative degree of erosion is attributed each time an erosion process is applied. Thus, these degrees of erosion can be associated with a general time-related operation. With the computer-simulated erosion model, an unambiguous relationship was demonstrated between the estimation of fractal dimension and the relative degree of erosion. Since such models are based on a loss of mass, the results of fractal dimension were plotted against image surface, allowing us to compare the three different sets of experiments. In all three models, a proportional relationship was found between fractal dimension and image surface. Indeed, the erosion process was well-characterized by decreased fractal dimension since it is a mass dimension. Finally, we showed that the combination of a graphic computer model and a box-counting algorithm is reliable for the quantification of surface erosion.

Comparison of Three Models of Polymer Erosion — in vivo, in vitro and Computer Simulation — Using Fractal Analysis

The modified box-counting method: Analysis of some characteristic parameters

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