Supramolecular Polymers: Historical Development, Preparation, Characterization, and Functions.

Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions.

Nanoplastic is an emerging topic of relevance in environmental science. The analytical methods for microplastic have a particle size limit of a few micrometers so that new methods have to be developed to cover the nanometer range. This contribution reviews the progress in environmental nanoplastic analysis and critically evaluates which techniques from nanomaterial analysis may potentially be adapted to close the methodological gap. A roadmap is brought forward for the whole analytical process from sample treatment to particle characterization. This includes a critical review of (i) methods for analyte extraction and preconcentration from various environmental matrices; (ii) methods for the separation of the nanoplastic into specific size fractions; (iii) light scattering techniques and various types of microscopy to characterize the particle fractions; (iv) chemical identification of particles to validate the obtained data. For these methods, we will discuss prospects and limitations to develop analytical protocols for specific sampling scenarios.

Methods for the analysis of submicrometer- and nanoplastic particles in the environment

The incorporation of metal centers into the backbone of polymers has led to the development of a broad range of organometallic and coordination compounds featuring properties that are relevant for potential applications in diverse areas of research, ranging from energy storage/conversion to bioactive or self-healing materials. In this review, the basic concepts and synthetic strategies leading to these types of materials as well as the scope of available characterization techniques will be summarized and discussed.

Synthesis and characterization of metallo-supramolecular polymers

Analytical characterization of liposomes and other lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery.

Liposomal delivery constitutes a promising approach for i.v. administration of temoporfin (mTHPC) because lipid membranes can host these drug molecules. This study investigates the transfer and release of mTHPC to plasma proteins and stability of various liposomal formulations. To this end, we employed traces of radioactive markers and studied the effects of fatty acid chain length and the degree of saturation in the lipophilic tail, addition of cholesterol and PEGylation of the membrane surface and different drug-to-lipid ratios (DLRs). Liposomes were incubated in human plasma for various incubation times. Drawn samples were separated by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). Drug was recovered in four fractions identified as albumin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and liposomes. Our results suggest that mTHPC fits best into fluid, unmodified bilayers when the drug-to-lipid ratio is low. Membrane rigidification as well as the presence of cholesterol and P...

Investigations of the influence of liposome composition on vesicle stability and drug transfer in human plasma: a transfer study

Purpose
In the present study we introduce an efficient approach for a size-based separation of liposomes from plasma proteins employing AF4. We investigated vesicle stability and release behavior of the strongly lipophilic drug temoporfin from liposomes in human plasma for various incubation times at 37°C.

Quantitative In Vitro Assessment of Liposome Stability and Drug Transfer Employing Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4)

Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a widely used and versatile technique in the family of field-flow fractionations, indicated by a rapidly increasing number of publications. It represents a gentle separation and characterization method, where nonspecific interactions are reduced to a minimum, allows a broad separation range from several nano- up to micrometers and enables a superior characterization of homo- and heterogenic systems. In particular, coupling to multiangle light scattering provides detailed access to sample properties. Information about molar mass, polydispersity, size, shape/conformation, or density can be obtained nearly independent of the used material. In this Perspective, the application and progress of AF4 for (bio)macromolecules and colloids, relevant for “nano” medical and pharmaceutical issues, will be presented. The characterization of different nanosized drug or gene delivery systems, e.g., polymers, nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, polyplexes, and v...

Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation in the field of nanomedicine.

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Investigations of the influence of liposome composition on vesicle stability and drug transfer in human plasma: a transfer study

Quantitative In Vitro Assessment of Liposome Stability and Drug Transfer Employing Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4)

Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation in the field of nanomedicine.