The Western diet is a modern dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of pre-packaged foods, refined grains, red meat, processed meat, high-sugar drinks, candy, sweets, fried foods, conventionally raised animal products, high-fat dairy products, and high-fructose products. The present review aims to describe the effect of the Western pattern diet on the metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant status; the impact on gut microbiota and mitochondrial fitness; the effect of on cardiovascular health, mental health, and cancer; and the sanitary cost of the Western diet. To achieve this goal, a consensus critical review was conducted using primary sources, such as scientific articles, and secondary sources, including bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, Sports Discuss, ResearchGate, and the Web of Science were used to complete the assignment. MeSH-compliant keywords such “Western diet”, “inflammation”, “metabolic health”, “metabolic fitness”, “heart disease”, “cancer”, “oxidative stress”, “mental health”, and “metabolism” were used. The following exclusion criteria were applied: (i) studies with inappropriate or irrelevant topics, not germane to the review’s primary focus; (ii) Ph.D. dissertations, proceedings of conferences, and unpublished studies. This information will allow for a better comprehension of this nutritional behavior and its effect on an individual’s metabolism and health, as well as the impact on national sanitary systems. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.

/pdf/global-impacts-of-western-diet-and-its-effects-on-metabolism-1phvdxp5.pdf

Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review

In recent years, biodegradable polymers have gained the attention of many researchers for their promising applications, especially in drug delivery, due to their good biocompatibility and designable degradation time. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biodegradable functional polymer made from the polymerization of lactic acid (LA) and glycolic acid (GA) and is widely used in pharmaceuticals and medical engineering materials because of its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and good plasticity. The aim of this review is to illustrate the progress of research on PLGA in biomedical applications, as well as its shortcomings, to provide some assistance for its future research development.

/pdf/properties-of-poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid-and-progress-of-1z07bc6y.pdf

Properties of Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) and Progress of Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)-Based Biodegradable Materials in Biomedical Research

Cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of death. A vascular stent is an effective means for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, biodegradable polymeric vascular stents have been widely investigated by researchers because of its degradability and clinical application potential for cardiovascular disease treatment. Compared to non-biodegradable stents, these stents are designed to degrade after vascular healing, leaving regenerated healthy arteries. This article reviews and summarizes the recent advanced methods for fabricating biodegradable polymeric stents, including injection molding, weaving, 3D printing, and laser cutting. Besides, the functional modification of biodegradable polymeric stents is also introduced, including visualization, anti-thrombus, endothelialization, and anti-inflammation. In the end, the challenges and future perspectives of biodegradable polymeric stents were discussed.

/pdf/development-of-biodegradable-polymeric-stents-for-the-1v823nfd.pdf

Development of Biodegradable Polymeric Stents for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a cardiovascular disease that poses a serious threat to human health. Uncontrolled and excessive cardiac fibrosis after MI has been recognized as a primary contributor to mortality by heart failure. Thus, prevention of fibrosis or alleviation of fibrosis progression is important for cardiac repair. To this end, a biocompatible microneedle (MN) patch based on gelatin is fabricated to load exosomes containing microRNA‐29b (miR‐29b) mimics with antifibrotic activity to prevent excessive cardiac fibrosis after MI. Exosomes are isolated from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and loaded with miR‐29b mimics via electroporation, which can be internalized effectively in cardiac fibroblasts to upregulate the expression of miR‐29b and downregulate the expression of fibrosis‐related proteins. After being implanted in the infarcted heart of a mouse MI model, the MN patch can increase the retention of loaded exosomes in the infarcted myocardium, leading to alleviation of inflammation, reduction of the infarct size, inhibition of fibrosis, and improvement of cardiac function. This design explored the MN patch as a suitable platform to deliver exosomes containing antifibrotic biomolecules locally for the prevention of cardiac fibrosis, showing the potential for MI treatment in clinical applications.

Microneedle Patch Loaded with Exosomes Containing MicroRNA‐29b Prevents Cardiac Fibrosis after Myocardial Infarction

The identification and detection of disease-related biomarkers is essential for early clinical diagnosis, evaluating disease progression, and for the development of therapeutics. Possessing the advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity, fluorescent probes have become effective tools for monitoring disease-related active molecules at the cellular level and in vivo. In this review, we describe current fluorescent probes designed for the detection and quantification of key bioactive molecules associated with common diseases, such as organ damage, inflammation, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and brain disorders. We emphasize the strategies behind the design of fluorescent probes capable of disease biomarker detection and diagnosis and cover some aspects of combined diagnostic/therapeutic strategies based on regulating disease-related molecules. This review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and outlook for fluorescent probes, highlighting future avenues of research that should enable these probes to achieve accurate detection and identification of disease-related biomarkers for biomedical research and clinical applications.

Fluorescent Probes for Disease Diagnosis.

This Review presents data describing the health burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) within and across the WHO European Region. CVD remains the most common cause of death in the region. Deaths from CVD in those aged 60 million potential years of life lost to CVD in Europe annually. Although more women than men die from CVD, age-standardized rates of both morbidity and death are higher in men, and these differences in rates are greatest in individuals aged <70 years. Large inequalities in all measures of morbidity, treatment and mortality can be found between countries across the continent and must be a focus for improving health. Large differences also exist in the data available between countries. The development and implementation of evidence-based preventive and treatment approaches must be supported in all countries by consistent surveillance and monitoring, such that we can quantify the health burden of CVD as well as target interventions and provide impetus for action across Europe. In this Review, Townsend et al. describe the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease across the WHO European Region and call for improved surveillance and monitoring to inform the development and implementation of evidence-based preventive and treatment approaches.

Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054369

The Tobacco Endgame-Eradicating a Worsening Epidemic: A Joint Opinion From the American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology.

https://globalheartjournal.com/articles/10.5334/gh.1061/galley/1003/download/

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Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe

The Tobacco Endgame-Eradicating a Worsening Epidemic: A Joint Opinion From the American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology.

The Tobacco Endgame-Eradicating a Worsening Epidemic: A Joint Opinion From the American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology.