In recent years legacy airlines have struggled, while low-cost carriers have achieved success. The original low-cost operating model, created by Southwest Airlines, has been adapted by airlines worldwide. Previous studies argue that the more a company adheres to the original model, the more successful the airline will be. Little academic study of the current state of the low-cost model exists. The researcher seeks to address this gap through qualitative methods and a case study involving Spirit Airlines. Spirit is currently one of the most successful low-cost carriers operating in the United States. The operating strategies of Spirit Airlines are analyzed to determine the extent to which the company follows the original low-cost operating model.

/pdf/the-c-hanging-low-cost-airline-model-an-analysis-of-spirit-1i80svkjka.pdf

The C hanging Low-Cost Airline Model: An Analysis of Spirit Airlines




Human activities profoundly impact the Earth system such as climate change, biodiversity, disease transmission. Accurately acquiring and assessing the human activity intensity (HAI) is crucial to exploring human‐nature relationships. However, the mismatch of geospatial data products between humans and natural environmental factors is a data bottleneck that restricts the innovation and development of regional human‐Earth systems. Nowadays, some HAI data products exist, such as the global human footprint map and the cumulative human modification map, but their spatial resolution is still too coarse (1 km) for regional research. Importantly, there are limitations to the method of mapping HAI: an incomplete indicator system that ignores the natural dimension makes the assessment of HAI less accurate and comprehensive; ignoring correlations among indicators, subjective weighting method and overlapping indicators lead to potential overestimation of HAI.

Here, a new approach to improve the quantification of HAI at the regional scale was presented and the HAI of the Qinling‐Daba Mountains (QinBa) was mapped and analysed as a case study. First. an improved indicator system was constructed from two dimensions: natural environment and resources (including topography and river density), social and economics (including population density, degree of land modification, remoteness from roads/railways, remoteness from settlements and road density). The models for scoring the indicators were then improved. Additionally, principal component analysis was adopted to transform seven indicators into four independent principal components (PCs). The four PCs were combined based on their variance contribution to generate the HAI map, effectively eliminating redundancy and correlation among the indicators.

The results showed that the improved method solved the problem of overestimation in previous studies and objectively mapped the HAI of QinBa. We found that although QinBa's HAI was moderate (MHAI = 0.48), places with low HAI were isolated as ‘islands’ by places with high HAI, indicating that the scope of human activities in this area is extensive.

This study not only provides novel insights into quantifying HAI but also provides high‐resolution HAI data (100 m) and priority attention zones for human‐nature interaction studies in QinBa, which can help guide policy‐making for management and conservation efforts.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Quantifying human activity intensity in the Qinling‐Daba Mountains

When studying the effects of global change on biodiversity, it is far more common for the effects of climate change and land‐use changes to be assessed separately rather than jointly. However, the effects of land‐use changes in recent decades on species richness in areas affected by climate change have been less studied. We assess the temporal turnover in species richness of an avian community between a historical period and a modern one as a consequence of global change.

Evaluating temporal turnover in avian species richness in a Mediterranean semiarid region: Different responses to elevation and forest cover

The future of Southeast Asia's biodiversity: A crisis with a hopeful alternative

n light of the low-cost carrier phenomenon started by Southwest in the 1970’s, flagship airlines have taken many measures to fight the budget competition. On the one hand, this paper explains the success of budget airlines in detail, while giving insight into the new trend of adopting hybrid models in the low-cost market. On the other hand, it compares incumbent airlines’ strategies against the true low-cost model and elaborates that carriers within carriers fail because of insufficient implementation of low-cost structures, high cannibalization effects and low levels of autonomy that are required to build a successful subsidiary.

/pdf/building-from-scratch-or-implementing-subsidiaries-assessing-4ou8f0aix4.pdf

Building from scratch or implementing subsidiaries? Assessing the best approach to creating a budget carrier

In March this year, for a long time again, I had the “pleasure” to fly domestic within the US. The flight from Los Angeles to Miami was scheduled for 08.00am. My American colleagues made me panic a little bit as they told me to be at least 2 hours at the airport before departure. So the night was short, I was extremely tired and not really “operational” when I arrived at the airport short before 06.00am. Well aware that I was be going to be charged US$ 25.- for my checked baggage which I could not pay upfront while doing the online check-in, I had my credit card already handy when approaching the check-in counter to drop off my suitcase.

Ancillary Revenues in Air Transport – Gain and Pain

In this paper we showcase a system for visualizing and predicting land-use data. The time series-based visualization application strives to improve science communication by facilitating the understanding of land-use change and is backed up by a machine learning-based land-use prediction application that imputes historic data and generates predictions of land use in the future. To present the project, we discuss the system’s requirements which were developed by means of a User-Centered Engineering approach, elaborate on its current, early state of development and the corresponding results and finally discuss areas of potential

User-Centered Engineering of an Interactive Land Use Exploration Tool

Mechanistic or process-based models offer great insights into the range dynamics of species facing non-equilibrium conditions, such as climate and land-use changes or invasive species. Their consideration of underlying mechanisms relaxes the species-environment equilibrium assumed by correlative approaches, while also generating conservation-relevant indicators, such as range-wide abundance time-series and migration rates if demographically explicit. However, the computational complexity of mechanistic models limits their development and applicability to large spatiotemporal extents. We developed the R package ‘metaRange’ that is a modular framework to build population-based and metabolically constrained range models. It provides a function catalogue for users to calculate niche-based suitability, metabolic scaling, population dynamics, biotic interactions, and kernel-based dispersal, which may include directed movement. The framework’s modularity enables the user to combine, extend, or replace these functions, making it possible to customize the model to the ecology of the study system. The package supports an unlimited number of static or dynamic environmental factors as input, including climate and land use. As an example, we simulated 100 virtual species in Germany on a 1 km2 resolution over 110 years under realistic environmental fluctuations in three scenarios: without competition, with competition, and with competition and a generalist-specialist trade-off. The results are in accordance with theoretical expectations. Due to the population-level, the package can execute such extensive simulation experiments on regular enduser hardware in a short amount of time. We provide detailed technical documentation, both for the individual functions in the package as well as instructions on how to set up different types of model structures and experimental designs. The metaRange framework enables process-based simulations of range dynamic of multiple interacting species on a high resolution and low computational demand. We believe that it allows for theoretical insights and hypotheses testing about future range dynamics of real-world species, which may better support conservation policies targeting biodiversity loss mitigation.

metaRange: A framework to build mechanistic range models

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pan3.10472

The road to integrate climate change projections with regional land‐use–biodiversity models

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Ancillary Revenues in Air Transport – Gain and Pain

User-Centered Engineering of an Interactive Land Use Exploration Tool

metaRange: A framework to build mechanistic range models

The road to integrate climate change projections with regional land‐use–biodiversity models