SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is the first pandemic of the century. SARS-CoV-2 infection is transmitted through droplets; other transmission routes are hypothesized but not confirmed. So far, it is unclear whether and how SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus. We demonstrate the transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a neonate born to a mother infected in the last trimester and presenting with neurological compromise. The transmission is confirmed by comprehensive virological and pathological investigations. In detail, SARS-CoV-2 causes: (1) maternal viremia, (2) placental infection demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and very high viral load; placental inflammation, as shown by histological examination and immunohistochemistry, and (3) neonatal viremia following placental infection. The neonate is studied clinically, through imaging, and followed up. The neonate presented with neurological manifestations, similar to those described in adult patients.

/pdf/transplacental-transmission-of-sars-cov-2-infection-8cvfe31h8a.pdf

Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

A number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have been reported in neonates. Here, we aim to clarify the transmission route, clinical features and outcomes of these infections. We present a meta-analysis of 176 published cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections that were defined by at least one positive nasopharyngeal swab and/or the presence of specific IgM. We report that 70% and 30% of infections are due to environmental and vertical transmission, respectively. Our analysis shows that 55% of infected neonates developed COVID-19; the most common symptoms were fever (44%), gastrointestinal (36%), respiratory (52%) and neurological manifestations (18%), and lung imaging was abnormal in 64% of cases. A lack of mother-neonate separation from birth is associated with late SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 4.94 (95% CI: 1.98-13.08), p = 0.0002; adjusted OR 6.6 (95% CI: 2.6-16), p < 0.0001), while breastfeeding is not (OR 0.35 (95% CI: 0.09-1.18), p = 0.10; adjusted OR 2.2 (95% CI: 0.7-6.5), p = 0.148). Our findings add to the literature on neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections.

/pdf/synthesis-and-systematic-review-of-reported-neonatal-sars-16p8b9ru14.pdf

Synthesis and systematic review of reported neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections.

This is the second part of a large survey paper in which we analyze recent literature on Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) and some closely related disciplines using FCA. We collected 1072 papers published between 2003 and 2011 mentioning terms related to Formal Concept Analysis in the title, abstract and keywords. We developed a knowledge browsing environment to support our literature analysis process. We use the visualization capabilities of FCA to explore the literature, to discover and conceptually represent the main research topics in the FCA community. In this second part, we zoom in on and give an extensive overview of the papers published between 2003 and 2011 which applied FCA-based methods for knowledge discovery and ontology engineering in various application domains. These domains include software mining, web analytics, medicine, biology and chemistry data.

https://publications.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/folder/utyhyy55j6/direct/114480266.pdf

Review: Formal concept analysis in knowledge processing: A survey on applications

The paper addresses the problem of concept location in source code by presenting an approach which combines formal concept analysis (FCA) and latent semantic indexing (LSI). In the proposed approach, LSI is used to map the concepts expressed in queries written by the programmer to relevant parts of the source code, presented as a ranked list of search results. Given the ranked list of source code elements, our approach selects most relevant attributes from these documents and organizes the results in a concept lattice, generated via FCA. The approach is evaluated in a case study on concept location in the source code of eclipse, an industrial size integrated development environment. The results of the case study show that the proposed approach is effective in organizing different concepts and their relationships present in the subset of the search results. The proposed concept location method outperforms the simple ranking of the search results, reducing the programmers' effort.

/pdf/combining-formal-concept-analysis-with-information-retrieval-4w9hr18j45.pdf

Combining Formal Concept Analysis with Information Retrieval for Concept Location in Source Code

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has inflicted a serious health crisis globally. This virus is associated with a spectrum of respiratory illness ranging from asymptomatic, mild to severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Accumulating evidence supports that COVID-19 is not merely a respiratory illness per se, but potentially affects other organ systems including the placenta. SARS-CoV-2 gains access to human cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2). The abundance of ACE-2 on the placental cell surface, especially the syncytiotrophoblasts, could potentially contribute to vertical transplacental transmission to the fetus following maternal COVID-19 infection. Intriguingly, despite the placentas being tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, there are very few newborns that manifest virus-induced diseases. The protective effects of the placental barrier to viral infection, limiting the spread of the virus to newborn infants, remain a mystery. The detrimental role of COVID-19 in pregnancies is largely debatable, although COVID-19 maternal infection has been implicated in unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we summarize the pathological features manifested in placenta due to COVID-19 maternal infection that have been previously reported, and relate them to the possible disease manifestation. The potential mechanistic pathways associated with transplacental viral transmission and adverse pregnancy outcomes are also discussed.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Placenta and Pregnancy: What Do We Know So Far?

Communicative Rationality, Logic, and Mathematics.- Actionability and Formal Concepts: A Data Mining Perspective.- Acquiring Generalized Domain-Range Restrictions.- A Finite Basis for the Set of -Implications Holding in a Finite Model.- Lexico-Logical Acquisition of OWL DL Axioms.- From Concepts to Concept Lattice: A Border Algorithm for Making Covers Explicit.- A Formal Context for Symmetric Dependencies.- The Number of Plane Diagrams of a Lattice.- Spectral Lattices of -Formal Contexts.- About Keys of Formal Context and Conformal Hypergraph.- An Algebraization of Linear Continuum Structures.- On the Complexity of Computing Generators of Closed Sets.- Generating Positive and Negative Exact Rules Using Formal Concept Analysis: Problems and Solutions.- On the Merge of Factor Canonical Bases.- Lattices of Rough Set Abstractions as P-Products.- Scale Coarsening as Feature Selection.- Formal Concept Analysis for the Identification of Combinatorial Biomarkers in Breast Cancer.- Handling Spatial Relations in Logical Concept Analysis to Explore Geographical Data.- Analysis of Social Communities with Iceberg and Stability-Based Concept Lattices.- Formal Concept Analysis Enhances Fault Localization in Software.- Refactorings of Design Defects Using Relational Concept Analysis.- Contingency Structures and Concept Analysis.- Comparison of Dual Orderings in Time II.

Formal Concept Analysis

A recent review described in detail coronavirus infections, including SARSCoV-2, in children. Neonatal early-onset coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be a rare novel disease, the knowledge about vertical transmission is ambiguous. This case report adds to the current knowledge the appearance of encephalitic symptoms in a newborn with neonatal early SARS-CoV2 infection and raises the question of a possible vertical transmission. A healthy female newborn of 40 weeks +3 days of gestation was born by vacuum extraction (APGAR 9/9/10). The mother’s temperature was elevated during delivery (maximum 38.1°C). She reported a mild respiratory infection and loss of smell and taste. The newborn appeared lethargic, developed therapy refractory fever (38.6°C) at 24 hours after birth, progressing to encephalitic symptoms (lethargic but severely hyperexcitable, high pitched crying) at 54 hours of life. Transferred to the tertiary center neonatal intensive care unit, the newborn and the mother were isolated, and the mother was tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. A Multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test of 14 meningitis/encephalitis agents (FilmArray-BioFire, bioMérieux S.A., Craponne, France) was negative, and bacterial cultures of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood were sterile. Influenca-/ RSV-EIA in nasopharyngeal swaps and Enterovirus-PCR/Noro-/Rotavirus EIA in the feces were negative. Although the newborn’s nasopharyngeal and rectal swaps were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, CSF was tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 [nasopharyngeal and rectal swaps: real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR test (RT-PCR), Lightmix MODULAR WUHAN CoV RdRP (TIB MOLBIOL, Berlin, Germany). CSF: RT-PCR, RIDAGENE SARS-CoV-2 RUO (R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany)]. Both tests are not validated in rectal swaps and CSF. The patient’s cerebral sonography and CSF laboratory tests were unremarkable. The newborn was treated in thermoneutral environment with intravenous fluids and paracetamol. Despite a normal chest radiograph at admission, the newborn developed respiratory distress at about 80 hours of life and needed continuous positive airway pressureand oxygen therapy (maximal FiO 2 0.26) until day 6 of life. At day 10, life severe staccato-like cough emerged and another chest radiograph confirmed bilateral viral pneumonia. Persistent and relevant hypopnea was treated successfully by oral caffeine. The newborn’s nasopharyngeal and rectal swaps remained positive for SARS-CoV-2 14 days after birth, when the patient was discharged free of symptoms. Reported COVID-19 cases in newborns were mostly mild and could not always be distinguished from other causes of perinatal morbidity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of encephalitic symptoms in a neonate with COVID-19. In addition, our patient presented a double-peaked course of the pulmonary symptoms. This is rare in newborns, but common in adults. COVID-19 encephalitis with seizures was communicated recently in a 24-year-old Japanese male, in whom CSF was tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. It remains unclear, if the encephalitis symptoms in our patient were caused by SARS-CoV-2, the fever or by immunologic phenomena. However, several cerebral neuroinvasive coronavirus infections in children were reported. A brainstem SARS-CoV-2-infection could explain why our patient developed relevant hypopnea. The very early first symptoms in our newborn raise again the question of a vertical transmission.

Neonatal Early-Onset Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in a Newborn Presenting With Encephalitic Symptoms.

Scales are a fundamental concept of musical practice around the world. They commonly exhibit symmetry properties that are formally studied using cyclic groups in the field of mathematical scale the...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17459737.2019.1696899

Axiomatic scale theory

While small concept lattices are often represented by line diagrams to better understand their full structure, large diagrams may be too complex to do this. However, such a diagram may still be used to receive new ideas about the inherent structure of a concept lattice. This will be demonstrated for a certain family of formal contexts arising from mathematical musicology. In particular, we investigate how chord patterns can be characterised by their interval structure. For such contexts of pattern structures, it turns out that each corresponding concept lattice incorporates two competing building principles, one emanating from the top the other from the bottom of the lattice.

/pdf/a-formal-concept-analysis-of-harmonic-forms-and-interval-423ci5i5hf.pdf

A formal concept analysis of harmonic forms and interval structures

Projections of pattern structures don't always lead to pattern struc- tures, however residual projections and o-projections do. As a unifying approach, we introduce the notion of pattern morphisms between pattern structures and pro- vide a general sufficient condition for a homomorphic image of a pattern structure being again a pattern structure. In particular, we receive a better understanding of the theory of o-projections.

/pdf/pattern-structures-and-their-morphisms-1b0j0r3wkd.pdf

Pattern Structures and Their Morphisms.

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