Conventionally, Apartheid is regarded as no more than an intensification of the earlier policy of Segregation and is ascribed simplistically to the particular racial ideology of the ruling Nationalist Party. In this article substantial differences between Apartheid and Segregation are identified and explained by reference to the changing relations of capitalist and African pre-capitalist modes of production. The supply of African migrant labour-power, at a wage below its cost of reproduction, is a function of the existence of the pre-capitalist mode. The dominant capitalist mode of production tends to dissolve the pre-capitalist mode thus threatening the conditions of reproduction of cheap migrant labour-power and thereby generating intense conflict against the system of Segregation. In these conditions Segregation gives way to Apartheid which provides the specific mechanism for maintaining labour-power cheap through the elaboration of the entire system of domination and control and the transformation of ...

CAPITALISM AND CHEAP LABOUR POWER IN SOUTH AFRICA: From segregation to apartheid

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Writing the World from an African Metropolis

Despite a quarter century of "nation building," most African states are still driven by ethnic particularism--commonly known as "tribalism." The stubborn persistence of tribal ideologies despite the profound changes associated with modernization has puzzled scholars and African leaders alike. The bloody hostilities between the tribally-oriented Zulu Inkhata movement and supporters of the African National Congress are but the most recent example of tribalism's tenacity. The studies in this volume offer a new historical model for the growth and endurance of such ideologies in southern Africa.

The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa

Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson have dramatically challenged the tendency of economists to confine their empirical search for the causes of economic growth to the recent past. They argue that the kind of institutions established by European colonialists, either protecting private property or extracting rents, resulted in the poorer parts of the pre-colonial world becoming some of the richest economies of today; while transforming some of the more prosperous parts of the non-European world of 1500 into the poorest economies today. This view has been further elaborated for Africa by Nunn, with reference to slave trading. Drawing on African and comparative economic historiography, the present paper endorses the importance of examining growth theories against long-term history: revealing relationships that recur because the situations are similar, as well as because of path dependence as such. But it also argues that the causal relationships involved are more differentiated than is recognised in AJR's formulations. By compressing different historical periods and paths, the 'reversal' thesis over-simplifies the causation. Relatively low labour productivity was a premise of the external slave trades; though the latter greatly reinforced the relative poverty of many Sub-Saharan economies. Again, it is important to distinguish settler and non-settler economies within colonial Africa itself. In the latter case it was in the interests of colonial regimes to support, rather than simply extract from, African economic enterprise. Finally, economic rent and economic growth have often been joint products, including in pre-colonial and colonial Africa; the kinds of institutions that favoured economic growth in certain historical contexts were not necessarily optimal for that purpose in others. AJR have done much to bring development economics and economic history together. The next step is a more flexible conceptual framework, and a more complex explanation.

The ‘reversal of fortune’ thesis and the compression of history: Perspectives from African and comparative economic history

Poverty studies frequently fail to address the underlying processes that produce and reproduce poverty over time, preferring instead a descriptive focus on its correlates and characteristics. In this chapter, it is suggested that a much closer interrogation of the linkages between the state of chronic poverty and the processes of adverse incorporation and/or social exclusion that trap people in poverty is necessary. It is also proposed that these concepts can significantly advance current understandings of chronic poverty because they compel taking issues of causality seriously and relate these directly to social structures, relations, and processes. In particular, they force the examination of the multidimensional, political, and historical nature of persistent poverty.

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Adverse Incorporation, Social Exclusion, and Chronic Poverty

Putting a plough to the ground : accumulation and dispossession in rural South Africa, 1850-1930

Summary The peculiarities of South African society, where class, ethnic, linguistic and national cleavages overlap, tend to obscure the process which have led to industrialization. This is unfortunate because a study of South African social structures may shed light on the wider problems of development. An attempt is made in the article to compare political and economic developments in South Africa with similar developments in Tsarist Russia, Imperial Germany and the American South. It is suggested, for example, that the German ‘marriage of iron and rye’ has a counterpart in the relationship between maize and gold in South Africa and that similar political consequences follow. The organization of the South African mining compound is considered, in its formulating effect upon the peculiar process of urbanization in South Africa. This particular form of urbanization has resulted in the creation of a very considerable surplus for investment, the implications of which are discussed.

South Africa in a comparative study of industrialization

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented December 1977. Not to be quoted without the Author's permission.

Landlord and tenant in a colonial economy: the Transvaal 1880–1910

In the thirty years between 1840 and 1870 a new underclass came into being on the highveld of South Africa. The members of this class were known to the Boer society of what became the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) as Inboekselings, the unfree servants of the white households in the interior. Inboekselings were children and to a much lesser extent young women formally apprenticed ingeboek to Boer settlers and they were acquired by these households either as a result of being taken captive by Boer commandos, or they were handed over by African societies as tokens of political and diplomatic assurance, or they were sold by settlers or by some African societies. There were also an unknown number of clients-cum-servants who had remained with the Boers when they migrated from the Cape in the eighteen-thirties and eighteen-forties. Inboekselings were acquired in these various ways by Boer society in an attempt to reconstitute itself after its migrations into the interior. This was because in their new settings the Boers could, for the most part, no longer call upon the variety of forms of labour which had, in different ways, served the households in the pre-Trek Cape. Because British influence prevented the establishment of a formal system of slavery with a slave code and an open market in human beings and because settler society on the highveld was too weak to maintain such a system, these children and young women were ultimately incorporated, not as slaves but as a dependent servile class. The exact situation of members of this social class rested on both the demands made upon them by settlers and on their capacity to resist their demands. They might, therefore, have become either household servants, professional hunters serving the household economy, or dependent tenants mediating between Boer households and the farm servants of later decades. Others broke away from rural society to become some of the first black townsmen of the pre-mining 19th century highveld villages and towns. Similarly, mission stations may have also provided havens of a kind for those

Inboekselings and Oorlams: The creation and transformation of a servile class

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Putting a plough to the ground : accumulation and dispossession in rural South Africa, 1850-1930

South Africa in a comparative study of industrialization

Landlord and tenant in a colonial economy: the Transvaal 1880–1910

Inboekselings and Oorlams: The creation and transformation of a servile class

South Africa in a comparative study of industrialization