Objective. —To encourage increased participation in physical activity among Americans of all ages by issuing a public health recommendation on the types and amounts of physical activity needed for health promotion and disease prevention. Participants. —A planning committee of five scientists was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine to organize a workshop. This committee selected 15 other workshop discussants on the basis of their research expertise in issues related to the health implications of physical activity. Several relevant professional or scientific organizations and federal agencies also were represented. Evidence. —The panel of experts reviewed the pertinent physiological, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence, including primary research articles and recent review articles. Consensus Process. —Major issues related to physical activity and health were outlined, and selected members of the expert panel drafted sections of the paper from this outline. A draft manuscript was prepared by the planning committee and circulated to the full panel in advance of the 2-day workshop. During the workshop, each section of the manuscript was reviewed by the expert panel. Primary attention was given to achieving group consensus concerning the recommended types and amounts of physical activity. A concise "public health message" was developed to express the recommendations of the panel. During the ensuing months, the consensus statement was further reviewed and revised and was formally endorsed by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Conclusion. —Every US adult should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. ( JAMA . 1995;273:402-407)

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/JAMA/articlepdf/386766/jama_273_5_029.pdf

Physical Activity and Public Health: A Recommendation From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine

To encourage increased participation in physical activity among Americans of all ages by issuing a public health recommendation on the types and amounts of physical activity needed for health promotion and disease prevention.A planning committee of five scientists was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine to organize a workshop. This committee selected 15 other workshop discussants on the basis of their research expertise in issues related to the health implications of physical activity. Several relevant professional or scientific organizations and federal agencies also were represented.The panel of experts reviewed the pertinent physiological, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence, including primary research articles and recent review articles.Major issues related to physical activity and health were outlined, and selected members of the expert panel drafted sections of the paper from this outline. A draft manuscript was prepared by the planning committee and circulated to the full panel in advance of the 2-day workshop. During the workshop, each section of the manuscript was reviewed by the expert panel. Primary attention was given to achieving group consensus concerning the recommended types and amounts of physical activity. A concise "public health message" was developed to express the recommendations of the panel. During the ensuing months, the consensus statement was further reviewed and revised and was formally endorsed by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine.Every US adult should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. 

Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine

The purpose of this Position Stand is to provide an overview of issues critical to understanding the importance of exercise and physical activity in older adult populations. The Position Stand is divided into three sections: Section 1 briefly reviews the structural and functional changes that characterize normal human aging, Section 2 considers the extent to which exercise and physical activity can influence the aging process, and Section 3 summarizes the benefits of both long-term exercise and physical activity and shorter-duration exercise programs on health and functional capacity. Although no amount of physical activity can stop the biological aging process, there is evidence that regular exercise can minimize the physiological effects of an otherwise sedentary lifestyle and increase active life expectancy by limiting the development and progression of chronic disease and disabling conditions. There is also emerging evidence for significant psychological and cognitive benefits accruing from regular exercise participation by older adults. Ideally, exercise prescription for older adults should include aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercises, and flexibility exercises. The evidence reviewed in this Position Stand is generally consistent with prior American College of Sports Medicine statements on the types and amounts of physical activity recommended for older adults as well as the recently published 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. All older adults should engage in regular physical activity and avoid an inactive lifestyle.

Exercise and physical activity for older adults

Background and Purpose. This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of the Timed Up & Go Test (TUG) under single-task versus dual-task conditions for identifying elderly individuals who are prone to falling. Subjects. Fifteen older adults with no history of falls (mean age578 years, SD56, range565‐ 85) and 15 older adults with a history of 2 or more falls in the previous 6 months (mean age586.2 years, SD56, range576 ‐95) participated. Methods. Time taken to complete the TUG under 3 conditions (TUG, TUG with a subtraction task [TUG cognitive], and TUG while carrying a full cup of water [TUG manual]) was measured. A multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. The TUG was found to be a sensitive (sensitivity587%) and specific (specificity587%) measure for identifying elderly individuals who are prone to falls. For both groups of older adults, simultaneous performance of an additional task increased the time taken to complete the TUG, with the greatest effect in the older adults with a history of falls. The TUG scores with or without an additional task (cognitive or manual) were equivalent with respect to identifying fallers and nonfallers. Conclusions and Discussion. The results suggest that the TUG is a sensitive and specific measure for identifying communitydwelling adults who are at risk for falls. The ability to predict falls is not enhanced by adding a secondary task when performing the TUG. [Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test. Phys Ther. 2000;80:896 ‐903.]

/pdf/predicting-the-probability-for-falls-in-community-dwelling-y2rpgp6tsv.pdf

Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test.

The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation.

Calcium (Ca2+) is the most abundant cation and the fifth most common inorganic element of the human body. It not only serves as the principal component of the skeleton, imparting to it the structural integrity essential to support the increasing body size of the individual during growth, but also plays a vital role in a variety of essential physiological and biochemical pro-cesses. The effects of Ca2+ ion include its influence on blood coagulation, neuromuscular ex-citability, cellular adhesiveness, transmission of nerve impulses, maintenance and function of cell membranes, and activation of enzyme reactions and hormone secretion.

Mechanisms of Calcium Absorption: A Reappraisal

The paper presents the case history of a 15-year-old boy with traumatic tetraplegia who developed hypercalcaemia within 6 weeks of injury. The condition was initially controlled by the infusion of intravenous fluids in large amounts and by the administration of calcitonin. After 3 weeks, calcitonin became ineffective. Eventually the hypercalcaemia responded to cortisone administered in low dosage. The endocrinologic implications of this observation are discussed.

/pdf/hypercalcaemia-in-adolescent-tetraplegic-patients-case-1f4otriegi.pdf

Hypercalcaemia in adolescent tetraplegic patients: case report and review

The action of vitamin D on phosphate homeostasis and, specifically, intestinal phosphate transport has assumed an increasingly prominent role in the overall physiologic action of vitamin D. More rapid advances in this area are limited by the available experimental models for the study of intestinal phosphate transport. In vitro tissue preparations are required to eliminate the systemic metabolism of vitamin D to both active and inactive derivatives. In the past, such in vitro preparations have involved intact tissue (1–3). The interpretation of those studies utilizing these preparations is complicated by the large extracellular space and paracellular transport. Secondly, the physiologic site of vitamin D action, the basal-lateral membrane, is not accessible to the vitamin in these in vitro incubations. For these reasons a preparation of isolated intestinal cells was evaluated as an experimental model for the study of phosphate transport and the influence of vitamin D on the cellular accumulation of phosphate.

Characterization of Phosphate Uptake in Isolated Chick Intestinal Cells

HRT and cognitive function: what are we to believe?

Caregivers of 35 Alzheimer's disease patients (AD), were interviewed regarding the amount of time the patient is left alone, previous accidents and hazardous behaviors, as well as the caregiver's perception of the patient's safety and the need for supervision. Dementia severity was highly correlated with the perceived need for supervision (p < .001). Dementia severity was less strongly associated with actual supervision intensity (p = .038). The variable most strongly associated with actual supervision was previous hazardous behavior in the past year (p < .001). Among the more severely demented, caregivers providing constant supervision were more likely to believe the patient was safe.

Alzheimer's disease and the need for supervision

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