Bidirectional onboard chargers introduce electric vehicles (EVs) as flexible actors in the power grids that can operate in grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) modes. Despite the benefits of the bidirectional EVs in the event of grid contingencies, they may have adverse impacts on the normal operation of the power systems. This article investigates the impacts of bidirectional EVs on power quality, voltage profile, and frequency stability of the power grid. For this purpose, a detailed model of practical bidirectional onboard charger is presented to measure the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the grid current caused by the EVs. The proposed study accounts for various EV power levels, grid voltage levels, and EV modes of operation. Furthermore, an optimal frequency support strategy is developed that takes advantage of available EVs in V2G mode to improve the frequency stability of the grid in the event of frequency fluctuations. The effects of bidirectional EVs on the voltage profile is also explored by implementing current summation method (CSM)-derived power flow analysis for IEEE 33-Bus radial distribution system. The results show that with an optimal planning of EVs, it is possible to improve voltage profile and frequency stability of the grid while the power quality of the grid is maintained in the allowed range according to the IEEE 519-2014 standard. 

Optimal Utilization of Bidirectional EVs for Grid Frequency Support in Power Systems

This paper outlines the design process of a high-efficiency (99.5&#x0025; peak) transformerless DC EV fast charger in conjunction with relevant UL standards on conducted harmonics and leakage current. The topology is a non-isolated transformerless design which allows for the elimination of the additional transformer volume and losses that are present in galvanically isolated topologies. Methods for calculating optimal switching frequency and inductance to minimize loss as a function of chosen switching device and power level are provided. Filter sizing and component values are chosen in conjunction with the previously determined optimal switching frequency and inductance. Heatsink design rationale are then derived. Experimental efficiency, switching waveforms, and output voltage and current quality results are provided. Industrial topology feasibility is shown through experimental adherence to relevant UL, IEC, IET, and IEEE standards. 

Design of a 22-kW Transformerless EV Charger With V2G Capabilities and Peak 99.5% Efficiency

This article outlines the design process of a high-efficiency (99.5% peak) transformerless dc electric vehicle fast charger in conjunction with relevant standards on conducted harmonics and leakage current. The topology is a nonisolated transformerless design which allows for the elimination of the additional transformer volume and losses that are present in galvanically isolated topologies. Methods for calculating optimal switching frequency and inductance to minimize loss as a function of chosen switching device and power level are provided. Filter sizing and component values are chosen in conjunction with the previously determined optimal switching frequency and inductance. Heatsink design rationale are then derived. Experimental efficiency, switching waveforms, and output voltage and current quality results are provided. Industrial topology feasibility is shown through experimental adherence to relevant underwriters laboratories (UL), international electrotechnical commission (IEC), institution of engineering and technology (IET), and institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) standards.

A bibliometric review on electric vehicle (EV) energy efficiency and emission effect research

The usage of electric vehicles (EV) increased in recent years as the vehicles design and performances are nearly similar to petrol vehicles. The main source of energy for EV is taken from the grid for charging. So, the penetration of EVs in alternating current (AC) grid creates more power quality issues like voltage sag, swell and harmonics in the current. This energy can also be produced from the renewable energy resources like photovoltaic (PV) power generation. This PV energy can also be used as direct current (DC) grid. The electric vehicle chargers which come with intelligent grid operation is considered as load in this paper. This paper is an attempt to discuss the penetration of EVs in AC/DC hybrid micro grid which causes the power quality problems, and the power quality problem is mitigated by using the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). The results are analyzed for three cases and four scenarios which is based on the function of UPQC and the action of smart charger in grid connected as well as autonomous mode operation of the AC/DC micro grid when the load is considered as dynamic load. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB2017b environment

/pdf/power-quality-mitigation-and-transient-analysis-in-ac-dc-3cb87qjcd1.pdf

Power quality mitigation and transient analysis in AC/DC hybrid microgrid for electric vehicle charging

In next decades rapid rise of electric vehicle (EV) number is expected. Bi-directional EV chargers operating in grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) modes are envisioned for energy transfer. In case of clustering large number of EVs at a distribution grid bus, operation in V2G mode may be used for grid support during faults according to the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) requirements. Faults in the distribution grid may cause fast variation of voltages, i.e. voltage dips and bursts of harmonics. Research emphasizing the transient and dynamic analysis is presented. Possibility of voltage improvement during voltage dips is tested with EV chargers operating in V2G mode. Detail simulations on IEEE 13-bus test grid, with 3 MW of added distributed generation (wind and solar) and 0.48 MW of added EV chargers cluster are used. Voltage signals at the connection point of the EV chargers produced by six characteristic types of faults, that occurred at two different locations in the distribution test grid and causing various voltage dips are recorded and analysed. It is shown that significant reduction of voltage harmonics and improvement in voltages may be reached.

Impact of V2G operation of electric vehicle chargers on distribution grid during voltage dips

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Impact of V2G operation of electric vehicle chargers on distribution grid during voltage dips