The subject of seismic detection of abnormally high‐pressured formations has received a great deal of attention in exploration and production geophysics because of increasing exploration and production activities in frontier areas (such as the deepwater) and a need to lower cost without compromising safety and environment, and manage risk and uncertainty associated with very expensive drilling. The purpose of this review is to capture the “best practice” in this highly specialized discipline and document it. Pressure prediction from seismic data is based on fundamentals of science, especially those of rock physics and seismic attribute analysis. Nonetheless, since the first seismic application in the 1960s, practitioners of the technology have relied increasingly on empiricism, and the fundamental limitations of the tools applied to detect such hazardous formations were lost. The most successful approach to seismic pressure prediction is one that combines a good understanding of rock properties of subsurf...

Geopressure prediction using seismic data: Current status and the road ahead

1A predrill estimate of pore pressure can be obtained from seismic velocities using a velocity‐to–pore‐pressure transform, but the seismic velocities need to be derived using methods having sufficient resolution for well planning purposes. For a deepwater Gulf of Mexico example, significant differences are found between the velocity field obtained using reflection tomography and that obtained using a conventional method based on the Dix equation. These lead to significant differences in the predicted pore pressure. Parameters in the velocity‐to–pore‐pressure transform are estimated using seismic interval velocities and pressure data from nearby calibration wells. The uncertainty in the pore pressure prediction is analyzed by examining the spread in the predicted pore pressure obtained using parameter combinations which sample the region of parameter space consistent with the available well data. If calibration wells are not available, the ideas proposed in this paper can be used with measurements made whi...

Predrill pore-pressure prediction using seismic data

Predrill pore-pressure prediction using seismic dataSeismic Pore-Pressure Prediction

Status and progress of worldwide EOR field applications

The present invention is a method for estimating formation properties (4), by analyzing acoustic waves (20) that are emitted from and received by a bottom hole assembly (14).

Method for borehole measurement of formation properties

Method of interpolating additional seismic traces between existing seismic traces obtained during the exploration of a subsurface formation. Seismic traces are recorded upon a datum surface in accordance with standard seismic data acquistion methods. Forward and backward wave equation datuming of the data set at the same velocity estimates new measurements for originally acquired data deemed unsatisfactory by propagating measured seismic traces to a fictitious datum plane using wave theory to create a second set of seismic traces and datuming the second set of seismic traces, again using wave theory, back to the original datum plane to create a third set of seismic traces. The third set of seismic traces will include new seismic traces to be used in place of the originally acquired unsatisfactory data.

Method for seismic trace interpolation using a forward and backward application of wave equation datuming

The South Caspian Sea is a major oil and gas producing area, characterized by thick sedimentary deposits and complex tectonic structure. Structural trends include anticlinal folds, steep dips, and mud volcanoes. Many of the large anticlinal folds contain world‐class producing fields. However, conventional processing of seismic data often fails to correctly image through the seismic “shadow zones” frequently observed in this region. These shadow zones are characterized by low‐amplitude events or low signal‐to‐noise ratio, arrival‐time delay, attenuation of high‐frequency information, and distortion of underlying reflectors. This often makes interpretation difficult to impossible.

Illuminating the shadows; tomography, attenuation, and pore-pressure processing in the South Caspian Sea

Illuminating the shadows: tomography, attenuation and pore pressure processing in the South Caspian Sea

Mobil has applied seismic imaging in many salt‐related geologic environments around the world. This paper focuses on seismic imaging near allochthonous salt features in the Gulf of Mexico. The examples of various salt features presented here are the collective work by numerous people at Mobil over a period of several years. A so‐called “salt tongue” in the Gulf is typically surrounded by sediments of much lower velocity. The velocity contrast at top and bottom of salt causes strong refraction of seismic energy.

Imaging alternatives around salt bodies in the Gulf of Mexico

In deepwater exploration, due to a lack of well information, seismic data become the main means of predicting reservoirs and hydrocarbons. AVO is the most popular method to detect hydrocarbons. However, factors such as pressure, lithology, and thin‐bed effects can cause false AVO effects. The deepwater Gulf of Mexico, in addition to these complex factors, has simple‐to‐complex salt sheet morphologies. The evolution of these salt sheets through time significantly influences the accumulation and migration pathways of deepwater sediments. In this article, we propose that the hydrocarbon migration pathway and seal integrity can be better understood by combining information about pore‐fluid pressure, effective stress, lithology, and seismic energy attenuation.

Deepwater reservoir prediction using seismic and geomechanical methods

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