(1) Background: Malaria fever affects millions of people yearly in Africa and Asia’s tropical and subtropical areas. Because there is no effective vaccine, malaria prevention is solely dependent on avoiding human-vector interaction. (2) Aim: This study examines the interaction between the constituents of Vitex negundo essential oil and Anopheles gambiae Odorant Binding Proteins (OBP) as well as the compositional variation, repellent efficacy, and toxicity profile. (3) Methods: The oils were subjected to GC-MS and mosquito behavioral analysis. OBP–ligand interactions, Anopheles species authentication, and the toxicity profile were determined by molecular docking, PCR assay and in silico ADME/tox tool. Docking protocol validation was achieved by redocking the co-crystallized ligands into the protein binding pocket and root mean square deviation (RMSD) calculation. (4) Results: The oil yields and compositions are climate–soil dependent with ≈71.39% monoterpenes and ≈16.32% sesquiterpene. Optimal repellency is achieved at 15 min at ED50 0.08–0.48% v/v while the RMSD was estimated to be within 0.24–1.35 A. Strong affinities were demonstrated by α-pinene (−6.4 kcal/mol), citronellal (−5.5 kcal/mol), linalool (−5.4 kcal/mol), and myrcene (−5.8 kcal/mol) for OBP1, OBP7, OBP4, and OBP; respectively. The hydrophobic interactions involve Leu17 (α-helix 1), Cys35 (α-helix 2), ALA52 (α-helix 3), Leu73, Leu76 (α-helix 4), Ala88, Met91, Lys93, Trp114 (α-helix 5), Phe123 (α-helix 6), and Leu124 (α-helix 7) receptors within the binding cavities, and may cause blocking of the olfactory receptors resulting in disorientation. (5) Conclusion: The ligand efficiency metrics, ADME/tox and repellency screening are within the threshold values; hence, α-pinene, linalool, and myrcene are safe and fit-to-use in the development of a green and novel repellent.

Vitex negundo L. Essential Oil: Odorant Binding Protein Efficiency Using Molecular Docking Approach and Studies of the Mosquito Repellent

The study was conducted to investigate if erosion is a major problem and to identify the effect of erosion on some physical properties on selected farmlands on four farms in Gidan kwano. It was done by observation, interview, and questionnaire and soil sample analysis. The infiltration rate, bulk density, porosity, organic matter content, particle size and aggregate stability were determined for all the sample location. The erosion fields results were compared with the results of the non-eroded fields. The results showed that farming was done with simple method and mechanized equipment when available and erosion was considered a major problem in all the farms. The results revealed that bulk density values ranged between 1.475gcm and 1.606gcm, cumulative infiltration rate fluctuated between 29.75cm/hr and 37.48cm/hr, porosity ranged between 36.49% and 44.34%, organic matter content fluctuated between 0.29% and 0.73% and aggregate stability ranged between 58.00% and 67.60% for the erosion field. The results also revealed that bulk density fluctuated between 1.458gcm and 1.544gcm, cumulative infiltration rate ranged between 32.19 cm/hr and 40.48cm/hr, porosity fluctuated between 41.73% and 44.98%, organic matter content ranged between 0.30% and 1.09% and aggregate stability ranged between 63.97% and 68.93% for the non-eroded field. From the results, it provides evidence that the effects of erosion on the physical properties were increased bulk density, decreased infiltration rate, organic matter content, porosity, aggregate stability and percentage sand, silt and clay content. Statistical analysis proved that the results were significant (p<0.05) except for the bulk density and porosity which could be attributed to the swelling and compaction characteristics of the soils. Introduction Soil is a valuable natural resource that aids the production of crops and food product [1]. The aptness of soil for crop production is dependent on the quality of the soil’s physical, chemical and biological properties [1]. One of the naturally occurring processes that affect detrimentally these soil properties and subsequent crop production is soil erosion [2]. Physical properties such as bulk density, infiltration rate, and organic matter content, aggregate stability and soil texture has great effect on the rate of erosion [3]. Farming activities all over the world are made difficult due to the uprising hazard of erosion. Farmers in Gidan kwano are not left out. Overtime, erosion has gradually become a problem in this area as farmers are now facing challenges due to reduced yield and low productivity when compared to previous years. Hence, the need to analyze erosion effects on some properties of the soils in Gidan kwano farmlands is vitally important. Identifying what entail farming in the area would be of paramount importance as it would provide the appropriate direction in the course of the work and also offer vital and supportive information. The aim of this study was to determine and analyze the effect of erosion on some physical properties in some farms in Gidan kwano. Soil erosion rate is largely dependent on properties of the soil. Therefore, there is a need to determine the effect of soil erosion on the physical properties so as to know the physical properties and factors that aids or deter erosion so that erosion could be checked effectively in Gidan kwano. Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research Submitted: 2017-12-27 ISSN: 2624-814X, Vol. 2, pp 10-22 Revised: 2018-04-05 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/JHPR.2.10 Accepted: 2018-05-08 2018 SciPress Ltd, Switzerland Online: 2018-05-31 SciPress applies the CC-BY 4.0 license to works we publish: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Theory Soil properties are inherent characteristics and qualities of soil [4]. Soil properties generally influence the nature of crops that grow on a soil or species of plants that grows in any locality [5]. Soil properties influences many processes in the soil to make it suitable for agricultural practices and other purposes [6]. Structure, texture, and porosity influence the movement and retention of water, solutes and air in the soil, which subsequently affect organism activities and plant growth [1]. Physical properties of soils may almost be permanent properties unless modified and changed by farming and environmental activities such as shifting cultivation, harvesting operations, forest fires and tillage [6]. Important physical properties of soils include texture, structure, porosity, density, aeration, temperature, water retention, and infiltration rate which is determined by the ease of root penetration, the water availability and the rate of water absorption by plants, the amount and quantity of oxygen and other gases in the soil and the degree to which water moves both vertically and laterally through the soil [7]. Rosen (2009) [8] argued that soils can be degraded because of erosion, but already degraded soils have a higher erosion risk. It was stated that it is therefore difficult to identify the primary causes. It was further explained that erosion causes reduction in infiltration and water-storage capacity, nutrient and organic matter content, soil depth, productivity, vegetation growth and biodiversity. These factors are inter-related and it is very arduous to separate the relative impact and effect one has from the other. Erosion effect on soils is dependent on soil intrinsic properties, the sorting and transport capacity of the erosive agent, the relationship with soil management practices, climate and the slope [9]. Material and Methodology Materials used during this study includes questionnaires, GPS, soil auger, stop watch, mallet, infiltrometer rings, wooden plank, core rings, cheese cloths, oven, muffle furnace, measuring cylinders, thermometer, hydrometer, stirrer, crucibles, evaporating dish, containers, sodium hexametaphosphate, distilled water, wash bottle, motor shaker, cans, textural chart, meter rule and record book. The study was focused on Gidan Kwano village which is about 13.4km from central Minna. It lies within the coordinates 9° 32’ 27.01”N and 6° 28’31.59”E, 9° 32’27.02”N and 6° 28’29.39”E, 9° 31’ 58.21”N and 6° 28’05.27”E, 9° 32’02.39”N and 6° 28’27.03”E. Climate of Minna is sub-humid with mean annual rainfall of about 1284 mm and a distinct dry season of about 5 months duration occurring from November to March [10]. The mean maximum temperature remains high throughout the year and it’s 33.5°C particularly in March and June [11]. The physiographic features of Minna area consist of gently undulating high plains developed on complex rocks made up of granites, migmatites, gneisses and schists [10]. Inselbergs of “Older Granites” and low hills of schists rise conspicuously above the plains [12,13]. Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research Vol. 2 11

/pdf/erosion-effect-on-soil-physical-properties-in-selected-1hlgt5a3se.pdf

Erosion Effect on Soil Physical Properties in Selected Farmlands in Gidan Kwano, Niger State

The study aimed to characterize and classify soils in the Njikoka Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Three toposequences (TA, TB, and TC) from three different communities: Abagana, Nimo and Enugu-ukwu were selected and divided into upper (US), middle (MS), and lower (LS) slopes using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Nine pedons were described following FAO guidelines, and 64 samples were collected for analysis. The soils were well-drained, with predominant dark reddish brown and reddish brown horizons. Soil structure varied from weak fine granular to moderately medium angular and subangular blocky structures, while texture varied due to variations in sand, silt, and clay fractions. Soil acidity ranged from extremely acidic to slightly acidic. Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable bases were generally low to very low. Potassium content ranged from very low to moderate, while exchangeable acidity, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) varied from very low to high. The trend in chemical fertility was MS &gt; US &gt; LS for TA, US &gt; MS &gt; LS for TB, and LS &gt; MS &gt; US for TC soils. Based on the USDA soil classification, TA soils were identified as Typic Hapludults (US), Typic Kandiudults (MS), and Aquic Arenic Hapludults (LS). TB soils were classified as Grossarenic Kandiudualf (US) and Typic Kandiudults (MS and LS), while TC soils were categorized as Vertic Hapludults (US), Grossarenic Hapludults (MS), and Grossarenic Kandiudults (LS). 

Sustainable Value Addition in Banana Cake Production as Alternative To Reduce Banana Waste

Soil characterization, classification and evaluation provide useful information for the understanding of soil, its potentials and limitations for crop production. The study was to determine the morphological, physical and chemical properties of the soils; classify the soils; and evaluate their suitability for maize, cassava and yam production. Three land utilization types (maize, cassava and yam) with a control plot each were used for the study. One soil profile pit was dug in each land utilization type and control. The pedons were described in-situ following the procedures in FAO, s guidelines for soil profile description. A total of 23 samples were collected from the diagnostic soil horizons. The soils were classified using USDA Soil taxonomy and correlated with FAO/UNESCO World Resource Base. The suitability of the soils for maize, cassava and yam production was assessed using the non parametric and parametric methods of land evaluation. Morphologically, the soils were well drained and very deep with predominantly brownish gray (5YR5/1) and dark gray (2.5Y 5/2). The soil structures varied from weak fine granular structure to weak/moderately medium angular and sub-angular blocky structures. Soil texture varied from sand to sandy loam. The soil bulk density and total porosity varied from 1.42 to 1.72 g cm-1 and 36.98 to 46.42 %, respectively. The pH of the soils varied from slightly acidic to moderately acidic. Organic matter and total nitrogen in the soils were rated very low to low. The soils were classified at various great group levels of ultisols. The soils were moderately suitable. 

Characterization, Classification and Suitability Evaluation of Soils in Ukum, Benue State, Nigeria for Maize and Yam Production

Humanity suffered far-more-than 80% increase in environmental-climatic-ecosystem-degradation. As a modality towards sustainable-solution to salt-soil toxicity with climate-change, and for the reclamation/management of global Salt Affected-Soils, this study investigated soil-salinity status with the objectives of x-raying sustainable approaches for the management and reclamation of salt-affected soils. Stimulations and laboratory studies were conducted to induce soil samples with 70g of Na+Cl- radicals which follow a reclamation procedure with 70 g of biochar technology and leaching with one (1) liter of distilling water. Results indicated the two reclamation strategies were able to reclaim soils induced with inducing Na+Cl- radicals at a Coefficient of Variation value at (CV=62%) which indicated a high variability potential in the reclamation technology. Forecasting results indicated that the area could remain free of salt, but if unsustainable practices like the application of untreated wastewater for irrigation, then a percentage at a high dosage of salt (4.3 dS/m for Na+Cl-) could result as observed during the inducement stage of this experiment. Biotechnical tools like Biochar at 70g are recommended for reclamation at a pot stage of salinity influence, and at a larger dosage for larger fields, as this could drive sustainable soil-productivity.

/pdf/stimulating-tropical-soils-with-na-cl-radicals-and-2ka0nuj1.pdf

Stimulating Tropical Soils with Na+ Cl- Radicals and Reclamation of Na+ Cl- Salinity Using Biochar and Hydro-Leaching Technology: A Sustainable Strategy for Management of Saline and Sodic Soils Under Climate Change

A semi-detailed soil survey of the floodplains of lower Oshin River in Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out using rigid-grid survey method. Three soil units designated as OSH-1, OSH-2 and OSH-3 were identified on the basis of drainage, topography, soil texture and depth. The soil texture ranges from sandy clay loam in OSH-1 to sandy loam in OSH-2 and OSH-3 for the topsoil overlaying clay loam or sandy loam subsoil. The soil pH (H2O) was moderately to slightly acid with values ranged from 5.1-5.7 in OSH-1 and 5.9-6.9 in OSH-2 and OSH-3. The available P in all soil units decreased with soil depth and the values for the topsoil were 22, 40 and 10 mg kg -1 respectively for OSH-1, OSH-2 and OSH-3 and was rated high in OSH-1 and OSH-2, and medium in OSH-3. Also, organic C content for topsoil was 27.5, 35.5 and 28.0 g kg -1 for OSH-1, OSH-2 and OSH-3 and its distribution within the profiles was irregular except in OSH-1 where it decreased regularly with soil depth. The CEC value for the topsoil was between 19.14 and 21.99 cmol(+) kg -1 and all rated high. The soil units were classified as Typic Endoaquepts/ Fluvic Cambisols (Clayic), Aquic Ustifluvents/ Gleyic Fluvisols (Arenic) and Oxyaquic Ustifluvents/ Gleyic Fluvisols (Eutric) using USDA Soil Taxonomy and WRB systems respectively. With exception of drainage problems which can be overcome by provision of adequate drainage infrastructure, the soils of the lower River Oshin floodplain have great potential for rain-fed agriculture. Nigerian Journal of Technological Research

http://www.njtr.org/njtrallissues_files/Lawal%20et%20al%20Vol%207(2012)%20Sp%20Ed.pdf

Properties, classification and agricultural potentials of the soils of lower Oshin river floodplains in Kwara State, Nigeria

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Properties, classification and agricultural potentials of the soils of lower Oshin river floodplains in Kwara State, Nigeria