3.15. Miscellaneous Photophysical Studies 1874 3.16. Dendritic Fluorescent Sensors 1875 3.17. Nonlinear Optical Properties 1875 4. Supramolecular Properties 1876 4.1. Concepts and Pioneering Studies 1876 4.2. H-Bonding 1877 4.3. Electrostatic Binding 1877 4.4. Combined H-Bonding/Ionic Bonding 1879 4.5. Coordination of Metal Ions 1880 4.6. Intradendritic π-π Interactions 1880 4.7. Encapsulation of Neutral Guest Molecules 1881 4.8. Interdendritic Supramolecular Associations 1883 4.8.1. Liquid Crystals 1883 4.8.2. Other Dendritic Self-Assemblies 1884 4.9. Supramolecular Assemblies between Dendrimers and Surfactants or Polymers 1885

Dendrimers Designed for Functions: From Physical, Photophysical, and Supramolecular Properties to Applications in Sensing, Catalysis, Molecular Electronics, Photonics, and Nanomedicine

The application of nanomaterials (NMs) in biomedicine is increasing rapidly and offers excellent prospects for the development of new non-invasive strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this review, we provide a brief description of cancer pathology and the characteristics that are important for tumor-targeted NM design, followed by an overview of the different types of NMs explored to date, covering synthetic aspects and approaches explored for their application in unimodal and multimodal imaging, diagnosis and therapy. Significant synthetic advances now allow for the preparation of NMs with highly controlled geometry, surface charge, physicochemical properties, and the decoration of their surfaces with polymers and bioactive molecules in order to improve biocompatibility and to achieve active targeting. This is stimulating the development of a diverse range of nanometer-sized objects that can recognize cancer tissue, enabling visualization of tumors, delivery of anti-cancer drugs and/or the destruction of tumors by different therapeutic techniques.

Nanomaterials: Applications in Cancer Imaging and Therapy

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecological malignancies. Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is a major limitation for ovarian cancer treatment. We report here the first use of nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) for the co-delivery of cisplatin and pooled small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to enhance therapeutic efficacy by silencing multiple drug resistance (MDR) genes and resensitizing resistant ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. UiO NMOFs with hexagonal-plate morphologies were loaded with a cisplatin prodrug and MDR gene-silencing siRNAs (Bcl-2, P-glycoprotein [P-gp], and survivin) via encapsulation and surface coordination, respectively. NMOFs protect siRNAs from nuclease degradation, enhance siRNA cellular uptake, and promote siRNA escape from endosomes to silence MDR genes in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Co-delivery of cisplatin and siRNAs with NMOFs led to an order of magnitude enhancement in chemotherapeutic efficacy in vitro, as indicat...

Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for the co-delivery of cisplatin and pooled siRNAs to enhance therapeutic efficacy in drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells.

http://csmres.co.uk/cs.public.upd/article-downloads/Menjoge_2010_Drug-Discovery-Today.pdf

Dendrimer-based drug and imaging conjugates: design considerations for nanomedical applications

Dendrimer toxicity: Let's meet the challenge.

Aim This is a debut study report on talazoparib (BMN-673)-loaded nanoemulsion (TZNE) for parenteral administration. Materials and methods TZNE (0.05% drug, 151.4±0.7 nm droplet size, polydispersity index of 0.120±0.010 and zeta potential of -33.30±1.22 mV) was designed, developed and characterized using in vitro studies. A cumulative in vitro release study was performed in physiological phosphate buffer solution at different pH (5.3, 6.5 and 7.4) using a dialysis method. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays were performed on MDA-MB-231, NCI/ADR-RES, 2008 C13, CP-70 and SKOV-3 cell lines using CellTiter® Blue. Quantitative and qualitative cell uptake was studied using fluorescent probe, coumarin-6 (C-6). Results The drug release form TZNE nanoemulsion was slow and sustained for 24 h. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were found to be concentration-dependent. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of TZNE was 0.4852 and 1.35, 11.757 and 0.4696, and 1.169 and 0.7235 μM in MDA-MB-231, SKOV-3 and NCI/ADR-RES cells with 48 and 72 h incubation, respectively. Cellular uptake studies using fluorescent probe, coumarin-6 C-6, showed higher cellular uptake of TNZE compared with free C6. Results suggest that nanoemulsion could provide a new platform for systemic delivery of talazoparib.

Development and Evaluation of Talazoparib Nanoemulsion for Systemic Therapy of BRCA1-mutant Cancer.

Development of an Optimal In vitro Release and Permeation Testing Method for Rectal Suppositories.

SN-38, an active metabolite of irinotecan, is up to 1,000-fold more potent than irinotecan. But the clinical use of SN-38 is limited by its extreme hydrophobicity and instability at physiological pH. To enhance solubility and stability, SN-38 was complexed with different cyclodextrins (CDs), namely, sodium sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD), hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin, and methyl β-cyclodextrin, and their influence on SN-38 solubility, stability, and in vitro cytotoxicity was studied against ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 and 2008). Phase solubility studies were conducted to understand the pattern of SN-38 solubilization. SN-38-βCD complexes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Stability of SN-38-SBEβCD complex in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline was evaluated and compared against free SN-38. Phase solubility studies revealed that SN-38 solubility increased linearly as a function of CD concentration and the linearity was characteristic of an AP-type system. Aqueous solubility of SN-38 was enhanced by about 30–1,400 times by CD complexation. DSC, XRPD, and FTIR studies confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes, and stability studies revealed that cyclodextrin complexation significantly increased the hydrolytic stability of SN-38 at physiological pH 7.4. Cytotoxicity of SN-38-SBEβCD complex was significantly higher than SN-38 and irinotecan in both A2780 and 2008 cell lines. Results suggest that SBEβCD encapsulated SN-38 deep into the cavity forming stable inclusion complex and as a result increased the solubility, stability, and cytotoxicity of SN-38. It may be concluded that preparation of inclusion complexes with SBEβCD is a suitable approach to overcome the solubility and stability problems of SN-38 for future clinical applications.

SN-38-Cyclodextrin Complexation and Its Influence on the Solubility, Stability, and In Vitro Anticancer Activity Against Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Anatomical complications of the craniofacial regions often present considerable challenges to the surgical repair or replacement of the damaged tissues. Surgical repair has its own set of limitations, including scarcity of the donor tissues, immune rejection, use of immune suppressors followed by the surgery, and restriction in restoring the natural aesthetic appeal. Rapid advancement in the field of biomaterials, cell biology, and engineering has helped scientists to create cellularized skeletal muscle‐like structures. However, the existing method still has limitations in building large, highly vascular tissue with clinical application. With the advance in the three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique, scientists and clinicians now can produce the functional implants of skeletal muscles and bones that are more patient‐specific with the perfect match to the architecture of their craniofacial defects. Craniofacial tissue regeneration using 3D bioprinting can manage and eliminate the restrictions of the surgical transplant from the donor site. The concept of creating the new functional tissue, exactly mimicking the anatomical and physiological function of the damaged tissue, looks highly attractive. This is crucial to reduce the donor site morbidity and retain the esthetics. 3D bioprinting can integrate all three essential components of tissue engineering, that is, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and regeneration of the lost craniofacial tissues. Such integration essentially helps to develop the patient‐specific treatment plans and damage site‐driven creation of the functional implants for the craniofacial defects. This article is the bird's eye view on the latest development and application of 3D bioprinting in the regeneration of the skeletal muscle tissues and their application in restoring the functional abilities of the damaged craniofacial tissue. We also discussed current challenges in craniofacial bone vascularization and gave our view on the future direction, including establishing the interactions between tissue‐engineered skeletal muscle and the peripheral nervous system.

/pdf/biomedical-applications-of-three-dimensional-bioprinted-17uctqvp.pdf

Biomedical applications of three‐dimensional bioprinted craniofacial tissue engineering

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Papers

Development and Evaluation of Talazoparib Nanoemulsion for Systemic Therapy of BRCA1-mutant Cancer.

Development of an Optimal In vitro Release and Permeation Testing Method for Rectal Suppositories.

SN-38-Cyclodextrin Complexation and Its Influence on the Solubility, Stability, and In Vitro Anticancer Activity Against Ovarian Cancer

Biomedical applications of three‐dimensional bioprinted craniofacial tissue engineering