The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.

Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents

Use of plants in novel approaches for control of gastrointestinal helminths in livestock with emphasis on small ruminants.

Review(s) of: Conservation and the Genetics of Populations, Fred W. Allendorf and Gordon Luikart, 2007, Publisher: Blackwell Publishing No. pages 642 ISBN-13: 9781405121453, ISBN-10: 1405121459, RRP AUD $34.99.

Conservation and the Genetics of Populations

The current use of anthelmintic plants in tropical veterinary medicine is reviewed and attention is drawn to the lack of scientific evidence for the effectiveness of many now in use. The case for anthelmintic plants as a means of overcoming some of the serious limitations of manufactured anthelmintics is outlined. Reasons why anthelmintic plants are not generally used in veterinary medicine, in contrast to their greater acceptance in human medicine, are considered. Strategies for their development and use are discussed, in particular the need for in vivo trials to identify those plants which are effective and suitable for general use: attention is drawn to possible candidates, including pyrethrum and papaya latex. Those helminths of most economic importance should be targeted first. Anthelmintic plants offer a traditional alternative to manufactured anthelmintics that is both sustainable and environmentally acceptable. Such plants could have a more important role in the future control of helminth infections in the tropics.

Prospects for Plant Anthelmintics in Tropical Veterinary Medicine

Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) is commonly known for its food and nutritional values throughout the world. The medicinal properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Since, each part of papaya tree possesses economic value, it is grown on commercial scale. During the last few decades considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal application of papaya and now it is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant. It can be chosen as a source of papain for the development of various industrial and pharmaceutical products. In the present review nutritional value of the fruit and medicinal properties of its various parts have been discussed to provide collective information on this multipurpose commercial fruit crop.

/pdf/review-on-nutritional-medicinal-and-pharmacological-11u8r1h2gf.pdf

Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Papaya ( Carica papaya Linn.)

Tolaki chicken is a kind of Indonesian local chickens, that belong to the ability of anti viral responses. This ability is controlled by the present of antiviral Mx (myxovirus resistance) gene. The Mx gene codes for a protein with antiviral activity. The objective of the study was to prove the tolaki chicken Mx gene genotype is associated with antiviral and production traits. Mx/Hpy 81 gene was genotyped in 103 tolaki chickens with PCR-RFLP. A total of 30 chickens were challenged with ND gen VIIb virus (10 CLD50)/chicken. 4 PCR was used to amplify genomic DNA for Mx gene (299 bp). The amplimer was cut by Hpy 81 produce three genotypes: AA, AG and GG and two alleles: A allele (299 bp) and G allele (200 bp and 99 bp). Frequency of A allele (0.74) was higher than G allele (0.26). The all parameters of production traits in challenge test group were not significantly different in AA, AG and GG genotypes. The daily weight gain, feed intake and FCR were significantly different in AA, AG and GG genotypes of chickens control group. The parameters of antiviral traits showed that vitality of AA (50%) and AG (50%) of chickens were better then GG (10%) in challenge group. The vitality of AA (100%) and AG (100%) were better GG (33.33%) in control group. The study postulated that Mx gene genotype could be associated with production and antiviral traits in tolaki chicken. AA and AG genotype are more resistant and show better production than GG genotype.

Association of Mx Gene Genotype with Antiviral and Production Traits in Tolaki Chicken

Efficacy of koi herpesvirus DNA vaccine administration by immersion method on Cyprinus carpio field scale culture

A research was carried out to study the effect of antibiotic chlortetracycline in drinking water on
broilers antibody titers to NDV vaccine. Broilers were fed local diet with two different sources of essential
amino acid i.e. yeast (in diet 1) or mix lysine, methionine and choline (in diet 2). Two hundred and fifty day
old chicks CP 707 were randomly assigned into five treatment diets i.e. 1) commercial diet (Dc), 2) diet 1
without chlortetracycline (D1), (3) diet 2 without chlortetracycline (D2), (4) diet 1 plus chlortetracycline 500
ppm via drinking water (D1+), (5) diet 2 plus chlortetracycline 500ppm via drinking water (D2+). Isoenergy
diet and water were given ad libitum. NDV vaccine were given simultaneously via eyedrop and subcutaneous
on day 4. Serum antibody titers were measured on day 18, 21 and 25 by Haemaglutination Inhibition Test
and expressed as Geometric Mean Titer (log 2). Antibody titer to NDV vaccine was already detectable two
weeks after vaccination (on day 18). The titer value was highest in D1+ reaching 6.0 which was above
protective level and the lowest value was found in D1 i.e. 2.75 (p<0.05). On day 21 the highest titer was also
found in D1+ which remained protective i.e. 5.5 and the lowest one in Dc. On day 25 the highest titer was
found in D2 (6.5) and the lowest in Dc (4.25) (p<0.05). These results showed that antibody titers to NDV
vaccine in broilers receiving local diet minus antibiotics can match the titers of broilers receiving local diet
plus antibiotics. Moreover the broilers receiving local diet without antibiotics produced protective and better
titers values at the end of sampling period on day 25 or 3 weeks after vaccination, reaching 5.0 in D1 and 6.5
in D2 respectively.

/pdf/effect-of-chlortetracycline-additive-in-broilers-fed-local-2dqd75isdu.pdf

Effect of chlortetracycline additive in broilers fed local diets on antibody titers to NDV vaccine.

ABSTRAK . Pelepasan ayam IPB-D1 sebagai rumpun baru yang disebar di masyarakat maka sistem pemeliharaannya secara umum bersifat ekstensif dan pakan yang diberikan memanfaatkan pakan lokal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui performa ayam IPB-D1 dengan perlakuan pemeliharaan P1 (sistem kandang Closed House dan penggunaan 100% pakan komersil) serta perlakuan P2 (sistem kandang umbaran dan pencampuran pakan lokal hingga 70%). Penelitian ini menggunakan ayam IPB-D1 berjumlah 503 ekor DOC yang dipelihara hingga umur 12 minggu. Performa ayam diukur berdasarkan bobot badan, laju pertumbuhan, konsumsi pakan, konversi pakan serta tingkat kematian ayam pada umur DOC-12 minggu. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan menyajikan rataan, simpangan baku, koefisien keragaman dan analisis statistik menggunakan uji T. Hasil penelitian performa ayam IPB-D1 pada perlakuan P1 diperoleh bobot badan jantan 1378.26±94.56 g dan betina 1178.33±119.33 g, sedangkan pada perlakuan P2 diperoleh bobot badan jantan 1173.8±260.1 g dan betina 957±201.7 g. Laju pertumbuhan pada kedua perlakuan bersifat positif, serta konversi pakan pada perlakuan P1 (2.88) dan P2 (3.44) cukup baik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ayam IPB-D1 diperoleh performa yang sangat baik pada perlakuan P1 dan mampu beradaptasi pada perlakuan kandang sistem umbaran serta mampu memanfaatkan campuran pakan lokal yang baik pada perlakuan P2. (The growth performance of IPB-D1 chickens in different feed treatments and production systems) ABSTRACT . The release of the IPB-D1 chicken as a new breed that is spread in the community, the production system is generally extensive and the feed provided utilizes local feed. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of IPB-D1 chicken with production treatment P1 (Closed House cage and use of 100% commercial feed) and P2 treatment (outdoor cage and use local feed mixing up to 70%). This study used 503 DOC IPB-D1 chickens which were maintained until 12 weeks of age. Chicken performance was measured based on body weight, growth rate, feed consumption, feed conversion and chicken mortality at 1-12 weeks. Data were statistically analyzed using the T test and descriptive analysis with means, standard deviations, and coefficient of diversity. The results of the study of the performance of IPB-D1 chickens in P1 treatment obtained male body weights 1378.26 ± 94.56 g and females 1178.33 ± 119.33 g, while in P2 treatment obtained male body weights 1173.8 ± 260.1 g and females 957 ± 201.7 g. Growth rates in both treatments were positive, and feed conversion was good in P1 treatments (2.88) and P2 treatments (3.44). The conclusion is that the IPB-D1 chicken obtained a very good performance in the P1 treatment and was able to adapt to the treatment of outdoor cages and was able to utilize the local feed mixture in the P2 treatment.

/pdf/performa-pertumbuhan-ayam-ipb-d1-pada-perlakuan-pakan-dan-4kwfkqgkuw.pdf

Performa Pertumbuhan Ayam IPB-D1 pada Perlakuan Pakan dan Manajemen Pemeliharaan yang Berbeda

Background and aims This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and intensity and to identify the associated risk factors and impact of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java, Indonesia. Materials and methods A total of 580 fecal samples were collected from swamp buffaloes in five different agro-climatic areas in Banten and Central Java Provinces, Indonesia. The fecal samples were examined using the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory Technique to determine the prevalence and intensity of trematode infection. The risk factors for infection were determined from an in-depth interview of owners/keepers, and the results were analyzed using Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression. The infection was also correlated with swamp buffalo production parameters (body weight and body condition score [BCS]). Results From all fecal samples, the overall prevalence of trematode infection was 64.83%, which comprised Fasciola spp. (16.03%; mean eggs per gram [EPG]±SD: 1.02±0.43) and Paramphistomatidae (62.93%; mean EPG±SD: 1.01±0.66). The main risk factor for trematode infection was feeding animals with rice straw (odds ratio [OR]: 40.124); the risk of trematode infection was 40.142 times higher in buffaloes that consumed rice straw. Other risk factors included the frequency of anthelmintic treatment (OR: 4.666), age (OR: 0.449), and drinking water source (OR: 0.358). Trematode infection did not significantly affect the body weight or BCS of swamp buffaloes. Conclusion Although the prevalence of trematode infection was high in swamp buffaloes, the intensity of infection was low, and the infection did not affect the animals' physical parameters.

/pdf/prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-trematode-infection-in-swamp-3hiwsop352.pdf

Prevalence and risk factors of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java Island of Indonesia.

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