THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review

Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of 'emergent properties' that differ substantially from free-living bacterial cells. In this Review, we consider the fundamental role of the biofilm matrix in establishing the emergent properties of biofilms, describing how the characteristic features of biofilms - such as social cooperation, resource capture and enhanced survival of exposure to antimicrobials - all rely on the structural and functional properties of the matrix. Finally, we highlight the value of an ecological perspective in the study of the emergent properties of biofilms, which enables an appreciation of the ecological success of biofilms as habitat formers and, more generally, as a bacterial lifestyle.

Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life.

Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review

Molecular Tools for Monitoring and Validating BioremediationSoil Biology, 1, Volume 17, Advances in Applied Bioremediation, Pages 339-353

Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are present in areas of significant urbanization and affect treated and untreated wastewater, groundwater, drinking water as well as associated environmental matrices like sludges and sediments. The occurrence of these compounds at very low but environmentally relevant concentrations has earned them the collective term “micropollutants” while an important subgroup is causing concern because of their impact on organisms including humans via biological effects such as hormonal interference (endocrine disrupting compounds, EDCs) or bioaccumulation. Physicochemical techniques are not particularly effective for the removal of micropollutants. Conventional activated sludge systems are also relatively ineffective, but better PPCP removal has been observed by several teams to correlate with longer sludge retention time and/or more efficient nitrification. In the latter process a number of micropollutants including EDCs are (co)metabolized pointing to the active role of ammonia monooxygenase. This and other oxidative enzymes like cytochrome P-450 are involved in the transformation and removal of the biological effects of EDCs. Similarly, broad spectrum oxidative enzymes like fungal laccases and peroxidases are promising biocatalysts against PPCPs. The re-usability of such enzymes and their separability from reactants and products can be ensured by carrier-based immobilization or by formation of cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEAs). In our group, laccase-CLEAs have been successfully produced and applied for the treatment of micropollutants in adapted reactor systems. Furthermore, we have identified key factors for the production of CLEAs of laccases alone or of combined oxidoreductases (e.g. versatile peroxidase coupled to glucose oxidase), and we have improved these novel biocatalysts by applying rational experimental design and optimization methodologies, as shown in the degradation and detoxification of bisphenol A, a ubiquitous EDC. An illustration of the powerful possibilities afforded by multi-enzyme biocatalysts involves our co-aggregation of laccases from Coriolopsis polyzona, with an acidic pH-optimum, and from Coprinopsis cinerea, with a neutral pH-optimum, in a single biocatalyst. The combi-CLEAs obtained showed activity over a broad pH-range implying their suitability for the treatment of micropollutant-contaminated real wastewaters of varying pHs. Finally we have prepared novel robust biocatalysts for EDC removal based on laccase encapsulated by biomimetic titanification. The creative fusion of biocatalysis, chemical engineering fundamentals and nanotechnology opens up particularly attractive horizons towards sustainable treatment of micropollutant contaminated water resources.

Biocatalytic weapons against micropollutants

Multibarrier, a technology concept for the in-situ remediation of mixed groundwater pollution

We recently proposed a novel way of approaching the problem of optimal microbial production of secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, namely increasing the in vivo stability of enzymes (synthetases) that catalyze the biosynthesis of these important chemicals.’ This suggestion reflects our current awareness that in vivo inactivation of microbial enzymes appears to be a general regulatory phenomenon irreversibly affecting the catalytic activity of many enzymes in the ceL2 The rapid in vivo inactivation of antibiotic synthetases is widespread and occurs during the idiophase of many batch fermentations.’ As a model system, we have attempted to understand and control the in vivo inactivation of gramicidin S synthetase, the enzyme complex responsible for the formation of gramicidin S (GS), a cyclic decapeptide antibiotic, in Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999. The pattern of appearance and disappearance of the synthetase‘ is typical of a large number of antibiotic fermentations: after the appearance of the enzyme complex in late exponential growth phase and the attainment of a peak value in specific activity, it rapidly disappears (half-life = 1-2 hours) as the cell population moves into stationary phase.’ Previous work6 had shown that inactivation of GS synthetase in vivo is oxygen-dependent and irreversible.

Gramicidin S synthetase stabilization in vivo.

Microbial degradation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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