Biomass-derived nanostructures and hydrothermal carbon spheres: A review of electrochemical applications in redox flow battery

The materials used in electrical and electronic applications have great importance and broader applications, but they have severe electromagnetic interference (EMI). These materials have extensive applications in broadcasting, medical industries, research, defence sectors, communication and similar fields. The EMI can be addressed by using effective EMI shielding materials. This review presents a detailed, comprehensive description for making electromagnetic interference shielding material by recycling various wastes. It starts with highlighting the overview of electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) and its theoretical aspects. It provides a comprehensive and detailed understanding of recent trends in the novel approaches towards fabricating EMI shielding from industrial waste, agricultural waste and other miscellaneous wastes. This paper critically reviews the works related to the recycling of wastes like red mud (waste from the aluminium refining industry), ground tyre rubber, tea waste (biowaste) from tea industries, bagasse (waste from sugar cane industry), peanut and hazelnut shells (agricultural waste), waste tissue paper and polyethylene and other miscellaneous wastes like hydrocarbon carbon black and ash for the fabrication of highly effective electromagnetic (EM) interference shielding materials. Highly effective results have been reported using red mud showing maximum efficiency of 51.4 dB in X-band range, various agricultural waste displaying reflection loss of up to − 87.117 dB (in the range 0.01 to 20 GHz) and miscellaneous waste giving EMI SE of 80 dB in X-band frequency. A separate section is dedicated to emphasizing future work and recommendations.

A review on efficient electromagnetic interference shielding materials by recycling waste—a trio of land to lab to land concept

In this work, flexible EMI shield materials have been prepared by the solution cast technique using AC-STG {activated carbon derived from Sal tree's gum}, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and a polymer electrolyte {P(VDF-TrFE) + 15 wt% LiTFSI + 50 wt% EMIMTFSI}. The prepared polymer composites have been characterized for structural, morphological, thermal, ionic conductivity, dielectric, and magnetic properties. EMI shielding effectiveness has been obtained in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz). AC-STG particles have been characterized using XRD, FESEM EDX with elemental mapping, FTIR and RAMAN techniques. The CoFe2O4 (CF) nanoparticles have been prepared using the hydrothermal method. The highest ionic conductivity of ∼ 3.24х10−3 S.cm−1 for polymer electrolyte (PE15IL50) has been obtained at room temperature. On addition of AC-STG and CF particles to the polymer electrolyte, enhanced EMI shielding effectiveness and thermal stability of the composite films has been achieved. Also, FTIR results give the confirmation of interaction between the polymer electrolyte, AC-STG and CF particles. This study demonstrates that the EMI shielding properties of the polymer composite (PE15IL50AC-STG4CF5) get improved owing to the synergy between the properties of AC-STG and CF nanoparticles resulting in EMI shielding of ∼ 49.6 dB at 8.2 GHz (absorption ∼ 99.99%). There are three factors, viz., dielectric losses, magnetic losses and interfacial polarization which contribute majorly to this much desirable EMI performance. The studies being reported indicate PE15IL50AC-STG4CF5 polymer composite to be an excellent biomass-based composite for EM wave absorption. 

Facile synthesis and characterization of polymer composites with cobalt ferrite and biomass based activated carbon for microwave absorption

The growing concern over electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted by electronic devices has raised awareness of its adverse effects on human health and electronic operations, thus increasing interest in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Biomass-derived carbon materials (BCMs) provide effective and environmentally friendly solutions to address EMI-related issues. This review investigates the impressive EMI shielding efficiency achieved by various BCMs, that used in polymer composites, 3-D carbonaceous foams/aerogels, and building structural composites. The review outlines the primary mechanism of EMI shielding, the calculation of EMI shielding efficiency, and briefly discusses factors influencing shielding efficiency and production methods of BCMs based EMI shielding composites. It also evaluates the EMI shielding performance of biomass-derived carbon-based foams and aerogels. Finally, a concise overview of the future prospects for biomass-derived carbon EMI shield materials is presented. 

Electromagnetic interference shielding using biomass-derived carbon materials

Today, orientation towards alternative energy sources has gained great importance. Biomass resources are easily available, plentiful, inexpensive, environmentally friendly and sustainable renewable energy sources. Biomass resources have the potential to be used not only for energy production but also in many different fields. One of the sources of biomass is the tea factory wastes (TFW) released during black tea production. This resource, which has no economic value, can be used in many different fields and forms. In this study, these studies made with tea factory wastes were compiled and gathered under five main headings. These are agriculture and animal husbandry, building materials, environment, energy and chemistry. It is thought that examining the studies in this way will be a guide to fill the existing gaps in the literature and lead to development.

/pdf/evaluation-of-tea-factory-wastes-in-energy-and-other-areas-a-3mmzgpk0pq.pdf

Evaluation of Tea Factory Wastes in Energy and Other Areas - A Review

Electromagnetic waves emitted by electrical and electronic devices constitute interference with each other, which becomes a problem for security devices, space vehicles, ships, electronics or even human beings. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) protective materials are being developed to eliminate such negative effects of electromagnetic waves. Especially carbon-based ones are becoming increasingly important. The carbonized material biochar, derived from biomass, emerges as a sustainable, renewable, environmentally friendly and inexpensive EMI material. In this study EMI protective effect of biochar derived from industrial tea waste biomass and its iron composite was investigated. The effect values of the samples were found to be greater than 10 dB.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ab5d76/pdf

Biochar-iron composites as electromagnetic interference shielding material

/pdf/atik-yaglardan-biyodizel-uretiminde-yenilikci-biyokomur-3ipgms707t.pdf

Atik yağlardan bi̇yodi̇zel üreti̇mi̇nde yeni̇li̇kçi̇ bi̇yokömür katali̇zörü

A PN junction application of renewable carbon derived from tea waste biomass on a silicon substrate

Electrochemical Energy Storage Capacity of Surface Engineered Renewable Carbon Derived from Industrial Tea Waste by HNO3 and K2CO3

Erratum to: Improving the Electrochemical Energy Storage Capacity of the Renewable Carbon Derived from Industrial Tea Waste

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