European Association of Urology Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health-2021 Update: Male Sexual Dysfunction.

This review has ®ve objectives: ®rst, to identify systematically the salient literature on acute urinary retention (AUR); only one other review exists which was intended for a general rather than specialist urological readership [1], and addressed AUR only in adult men. Second, to classify the literature in a way that will be helpful to the reader; this is particularly important for the many case reports relating to AUR, which accounted for over half of the papers/abstracts identi®ed. Third, using the published information, to try to understand the pathogenesis of AUR, which to date remains elusive. Fourth, to identify and appraise high-quality research studies which could in ̄uence the way that men with AUR are managed. Fifth, to identify information not so far published thus suggest a research agenda and order of priority. AUR is a condition characterized by a sudden inability to micturate that is invariably but not always painful; painless AUR is rare and is usually associated with CNS pathology. Over 10% of men in their seventh decade will experience AUR over a 5-year period [2] and the risk increases to one in three over 10 years. AUR results in prostatectomy in 24±42% of men presenting in Britain and North America [3±8].

Acute urinary retention

https://www.urologic.theclinics.com/article/S0094-0143(05)70197-X/pdf

Diagnosis and grading of bladder cancer and associated lesions.

Haematospermia (or haemospermia) is a distressing symptom in sexually active men. In most cases, it is caused by non-specific inflammation of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In a small percentage of men, however, it may be a manifestation of genito-urinary or systemic malignancy, in particular prostate cancer. The purpose of this review is to explain the causes and management of patients with haematospermia.

https://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1308/003588406X114749

Haematospermia – A Systematic Review

The contemporary classification and grading of human papillary urothelial neoplasms remains unsettled, with multiple recent suggestions by groups of pathologists with little or no clinical input. One of the chief motivations for these new approaches was to avoid use of the term "cancer" for neoplasms with a low likelihood of invasion, recurrence, and death. Also, critics contended that earlier grading schemes were too imprecise to be clinically useful. We summarize the work carried out by the majority of members of Committee No. 1 at the International Consultation on the Diagnosis of Non-Invasive Urothelial Neoplasms held in Ancona, Italy (11-12 May 2001). Our deliberations represent a multidisciplinary international effort based on the best available data and the perception of existing practical methods of classification by clinicians, pathologists, and cancer registrars. The WHO 1973 classification for papillary urothelial neoplasms (papilloma, grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 carcinoma) is still superior to all existing alternatives (such as WHO/ISUP 1998 and WHO 1999), although some refinement of diagnostic criteria would be useful. Some pathologists may prefer additionally to report synonymous classification in other schemes, but this is discouraged owing to variations and difficulties in translations.

Urothelial papillary (exophytic) neoplasms

Hematospermia is a disconcerting symptom that produces extreme anxiety in sexually active male patients. To understand the pathophysiology of hematospermia, the anatomy of the ejaculatory system and neurophysiology of emission and ejaculation is essential. Emission and ejaculation must be present for hematospermia to occur. Hematospermia may be the result of inflammation, infection, ductal obstruction or cysts, neoplasms, vascular abnormalities, and systemic or iatrogenic factors. Most patients promptly consult a urologist after an episode of hematospermia. History and physical examination are often unrevealing and the judicious use of imaging modalities, such as transrectal ultrasound, MRI, and rigid or flexible endoscopy may be diagnostic. Unless the specific etiology is defined, most cases are managed expectantly. We review the etiology of hematospermia and an algorithm is provided for the diagnosis and management.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1997.tb01870.x

Current perspectives on hematospermia: a review.

We report an unusual case of a transitional cell carcinoma arising in a bladder diverticulum presenting as a giant abdominal mass and acute urinary retention. We have reviewed the literature and discuss the aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of tumours arising in vesical diverticula.

Tumour in a giant bladder diverticulum: a case report and review of literature.

Results and Conclusions
Pancreatic pseudocysts may simulate renal cysts symptomatically and radiographically.

Unusual presentation of a pancreatic pseudocyst. A case report and review of literature.

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Current perspectives on hematospermia: a review.

Tumour in a giant bladder diverticulum: a case report and review of literature.

Unusual presentation of a pancreatic pseudocyst. A case report and review of literature.