in December, 1956, with the most highly attenuated currently available strains of each of the three types, have thus far produced no untoward reactions in vaccinees or their contacts. Spread of the vaccine viruses to others is an accepted fact in the immunization with live poliovirus vaccines, and this problem is not being \"side-stepped \" but is rather being carefully studied in various trials. The trials on some hundreds of thousands of children-some already completed, others now in progress, and still others to be initiated in 1959-carried out in accord with the stipulations of the Expert Committee on Poliomyelitis of the World Health Organization should provide us in the near future with the information necessary for a decision regarding the place of orally administered live poliovirus vaccines in the prevention and eradication of poliomyelitis.

/pdf/response-of-infants-to-a-third-dose-of-poliomyelitis-vaccine-51ytm2j4pj.pdf

Response of Infants to a Third Dose of Poliomyelitis Vaccine Given 10 to 12 Months after Primary Immunization

The effectiveness of an oral polivirus vaccine using Sabin strains was studied among some 350 preschool children beginning in January, 1960. Although 79% of the children had previously received 3 or more doses of killed virus vaccine, a relatively high per cent lacked antibody to one or more types, and 22% of 348 children were triple negatives. The oral vaccine was given according to 3 different dosage schedules: each type singly; Type 1 followed by Types 2 and 3 together; and trivalent vaccine twice, 6 weeks apart. The infection and antibody conversion rates were similarly high for all 3 schedules, the overall conversion rates being 95% for Type 1, 98% for Type 2, and 86% for Type 3. The results emphasize the desirability of oral vaccine for young preschool children regardless of previous administration of multiple doses of killed Salk-type vaccine.

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=jama&articleId=332109&pdfFileName=jama_178_7_001.pdf

Immunization of preschool children with oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin).

polioviruses; and (b) to avoid the potential neutralizing effect of monkey antisera against simian viruses. Undiluted culture fluid was mixed with an equal quantity of the typespecific rabbit antiserum, and after an incubation period of one hour at room temperature 0.2 ml. was distributed in each of 10 monkey-kidney-culture tubes. At the end of seven days the medium is changed to permit observation of the tubes for another seven days for the detection of minimal amounts of non-poliovirus cytopathogenic agents. It is essential that the fresh medium contain 0.1 ml. of the specific rabbit antiserum per tube to prevent the emergence of poliovirus. Complete neutralization was obtained, and no other cytopathogenic agent was found. However, if a cytopathogenic effect had appeared, it would be necessary to check whether it was poliovirus that escaped neutralization or some other agent. Tests for Residual Neurotropism in Monkeys.-The fluid was tested in 35 cynomolgus monkeys by intracerebral (1 ml.) and intraspinal (0.1 ml.) inoculation of the undiluted culture fluid and of the dilutions indicated below. The diluted, as well as undiluted, culture fluids are tested as a check against a zone phenomenon, which has been observed with certain strains or with cultures containing mixtures of virus of differing degree of neurotropism. The intracerebrally inoculated monkeys must be observed for at least four weeks. and the intraspinally inoculated monkeys for at least three weeks. The results of these tests, published in J. Amer. med. Ass., 1957, 164, 1216, were as follows:

/pdf/british-standard-poliomyelitis-antisera-types-1-2-and-3-24u59u7j7q.pdf

British standard poliomyelitis antisera types 1, 2, and 3.

Studies of the neutralisation of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease by immune serum have been carried out by Brooksby (1949), Skinner (1953), Brooksby and Wardle (1954) and Van Bekkum (1957/59). The methods of assay used involved end point t i trations in cattle, mice and in tissue culture, and conflicting results on the degree of neutralisation and the serum-virus relationship were obtained, and this was most apparent when the neutralising power of a serum was compared by assay in cattle and in mice (Skinner, Henderson and Brooksby, 1952). With the demonstration of plaque formation by the virus of foot-and-mouth disease on pig kidney monolayers (Sellers, 1955) it was possible to apply an accurate assay technique to the s tudy of the neutralisation test. The work of Burner, Keogh and Lush (1937) and of Dulbecco, Vogt and Strickland (1956) has shown how much information could be obtained by the use of a pock or plaque counting technique in the s tudy of the mechanism of neutralisation. I t was therefore decided to investigate some of the fundamental aspects of neutralisation of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease by immune serum and as a result derive a neutralisation test, which could be applied to the quantitat ive assay of antibody in infected and vaccinated animals and to the differentiation and classification of the strains of the virus within the seven types. This paper records the results.

The neutralisation of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease by immune serum.

Conlusions The condition known as diverticulitis includes two separate syndromes: spasticity of the sigmoid colon and perforated diverticulitis. In the first, management should be conservative in the first place (Reid, 1951); the syndrome takes the form of an acute episode, often without past history, that settles in the great majority of cases. Perforated diverticulitis is a highly lethal condition, particularly when it affects the elderly and chronic sick. In those who are severely ill and in poor medical condition, simple colostomy and drainage should be attempted where possible, with subsequent closure after an adequate healing period (McCollum, 1959). Those patients who will stand a major operation are best treated by resection and anastomosis; it is important to resect the whole sigmoid colon which shows tubular change and spasm. Occasionally a perforated sigmoid loop can be exteriorized in the Paul-Mikulicz manner.

Poliomyelitis Immunization in Infants in the Presence of Maternally Transmitted Antibody

The titration of poliomyelitis neutralizing antibodies.

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The titration of poliomyelitis neutralizing antibodies.