Application of whey protein isolate and low-methoxy pectin-based fat mimetics in mayonnaise was studied. Fat was partially substituted by different fat mimetics at levels of 50%, respectively, which the fat mimetics were referred to as PFM1 (microparticulate pectin gel), PFM2 (pectin weak-gel), and PFM3 (microparticulated combination of WPI and pectin). The full fat (Ff) (100% oil) mayonnaise without fat mimetic was used as a control experiment. Physicochemical, rheological, texture analysis, and sensory evaluation of the Ff and low fat (Lf) mayonnaises were performed. The results indicated that all Lf mayonnaises had significantly lower energy content, but higher water content than their Ff counterpart. In terms of texture, the formulation with pectin weak-gel as fat mimetic showed similar texture values as those of the Ff sample. Both Ff and Lf mayonnaises exhibited thixothopic shear thinning behaviour under steady shear tests and were rheologically classified as weak gels under small amplitude oscillatory shear tests. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that mayonnaises substituted with low-methoxy pectin were acceptable. This study shows good potential for pectin weak-gel and microparticulated pectin gel to be used as a fat mimetic in mayonnaise.

Rheological, texture and sensory properties of low-fat mayonnaise with different fat mimetics

Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) double emulsions are recognized as an advanced design route for oil structuring that shows promising applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food fields. This review summarizes the main research advances of O/W/O double emulsions over the past two decades. It mainly focuses on understanding the preparation strategies, stabilization mechanism, and potential applications of O/W/O double emulsions. Several emulsification strategies are discussed, including traditional two-step emulsification method, phase-inversion approach, membrane emulsification, and microfluidic emulsification. Further, the role of interfacial stabilizers and viscosity in the stability of O/W/O double emulsions will be discussed with a focus on synthetic emulsifiers, natural biopolymer sand solid particles for achieving this purpose. Additionally, analytical methods for evaluating the stability of O/W/O double emulsions, such as advanced microscopy, rheology, and labeling assay are reviewed taking into account potential limitations of these characterization techniques. Moreover, possible innovative food applications are highlighted, such as simulating fat substitutes to decrease the trans- or saturated fatty acid content and developing novel delivery and encapsulation systems. This review paves a solid way for the exploration of O/W/O double emulsions toward large-scale implementation within the food industry.

Recent progress in oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) double emulsions.

With the increasing consumer demand for low-fat and low-cholesterol foods, low-fat mayonnaise prepared from soybean oil body (SOB) substitute for egg yolk has great consumption potential. However, based on previous studies, it was found that the stability and sensory properties of mayonnaise substituted with SOB were affected due to there being less lecithin and SOB containing more water. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of different ratios of xanthan gum, pectin and modified starch as stabilizers on the apparent viscosity, stability, texture and microstructure of SOB-substituted mayonnaise. It was found that the apparent viscosity and stability of SOB-substituted mayonnaise increased significantly when xanthan gum, pectin and modified starch were added in a ratio of 2:1:1. Meanwhile, the emulsified oil droplets of SOB-substituted mayonnaise were similar in size and uniformly dispersed in the emulsion system with different thickener formulations. In addition, the storage stability of SOB-substituted mayonnaise was explored. Compared with full egg yolk mayonnaise, SOB-substituted mayonnaise had better oxidative stability and bacteriostatic, which is important for the storage of mayonnaise. This study provided a theoretical basis for the food industry application of SOB. Meanwhile, this study provided new ideas for the development and storage of low-fat mayonnaise.

/pdf/physicochemical-properties-stability-and-texture-of-soybean-ppmjyw0y.pdf

Physicochemical Properties, Stability and Texture of Soybean-Oil-Body-Substituted Low-Fat Mayonnaise: Effects of Thickeners and Storage Temperatures

Fabrication of alkali lignin-based emulsion electrospun nanofibers for the nanoencapsulation of beta-carotene and the enhanced antioxidant property.

Introduction. Mayonnaise is a widely consumed product all over the world. Nowadays, the number of vegetarians, egg allergy cases, and heart diseases are increasing. This makes manufacturers develop alternatives. The research objective was to select the optimal concentration of emulsifiers for egg-free mayonnaise made from virgin coconut oil. 
Study objects and methods. We produced 20 egg-free mayonnaise samples with different amounts of emulsifiers. We also determined physicochemical properties of the samples, as well as performed proximate and statistical analyses. 
Results and discussion. The response surface methodology made it possible to define such parameters as viscosity, stability, and firmness as affected by the following concentrations: cashew nut protein isolates – 5–15%, xanthan gum – 0–1%, and modified starch – 0–0.5%. The optimal values of emulsifiers were obtained as follows: cashew nut protein isolates – 13 g, xanthan gum – 1.0 g, and modified starch – 0.4 g. The optimized mayonnaise had the following parameters: viscosity – 120.2 mPa·s, stability – 98.7%, and firmness – 25 g. The study revealed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the actual and predicted data, which confirmed the efficiency of the suggested models. 
Conclusion. The obtained low-fat egg-free mayonnaise was relatively similar to the traditional commercial products. However, virgin coconut oil should be emulsified with a combination of cashew nut protein isolates, modified starch, and xanthan gum.

https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2022-1-76-85

Egg-free low-fat mayonnaise from virgin coconut oil

The present research explored the potential of probe ultrasound homogenizer and hydrocolloids in formulating and stabilizing mayonnaise. The effect of ultrasonic (US) treatment (12 min at 20%, 30%, 40% amplitude) and stabilizers xanthan gum (XG; 0.5% w/w), guar gum (GG; 0.5% w/w), and XG/GG (1:1) on emulsion storage stability (ESS), physicochemical and rheological properties of mayonnaise were studied. Rheological data comprising of shear rate ( γ ˙ ) and shear stress ( τ ) was analysed through four different rheological models (Herschel–Bulkley, Casson, Power Law, and Carreau-Yasuda models), and their fitness was evaluated. The samples exhibited non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic behaviour with flow behaviour index (n)

Ultrasonication of mayonnaise formulated with xanthan and guar gums: Rheological modeling, effects on optical properties and emulsion stability

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Ultrasonication of mayonnaise formulated with xanthan and guar gums: Rheological modeling, effects on optical properties and emulsion stability