This paper presents a two Nexys FPGAs implementation of a Least Significant Bit (LSB) watermarking applied on real-time speech signals over a serial communication system. The watermarking technique has been strengthened by means of a chaos-based encryption scheme for the used watermark image. The speech acquisition is performed using FPGA inbuilt microphone while the recovery has been realized through a loudspeaker as output device for the watermarked signal and VGA monitor for the watermark image respectively. The transmission of the watermarked signal has been implemented using Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) serial protocol between two FPGA boards. The LSB IP-Cores developed and integrated in the watermarking prototype have been synthesized by means of a co-design approach using Vivado-HLS. The realized prototype has required performances of 1132 LUT area using a speed of 130 Mhz and a power consumption of no more than 159 mW. Lastly, good results have been obtained of watermarking imperceptibility and security with low robustness performances against signal processing and geometric cryptanalysis attacks. 

FPGA Implementation using Novel Co-Design Approach of Real-Time Speech Chaos based Crypto-Watermarking Prototype

This paper presents a two Nexys FPGAs implementation of a Least Significant Bit (LSB) watermarking applied on real-time speech signals over a serial communication system. The watermarking technique has been strengthened by means of a chaos-based encryption scheme for the used watermark image. The speech acquisition is performed using FPGA inbuilt microphone while the recovery has been realized through a loudspeaker as output device for the watermarked signal and VGA monitor for the watermark image respectively. The transmission of the watermarked signal has been implemented using Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) serial protocol between two FPGA boards. The LSB IP-Cores developed and integrated in the watermarking prototype have been synthesized by means of a co-design approach using Vivado-HLS. The realized prototype has required performances of 1132 LUT area using a speed of 130 Mhz and a power consumption of no more than 159 mW. Lastly, good results have been obtained of watermarking imperceptibility and security with low robustness performances against signal processing and geometric cryptanalysis attacks.

Medical data protection against illegal manipulations has become an essential and urgent issue. Unfortunately, images exchanged via networks are not absolutely protected against the preservation of integrity, authenticity and the right of use. Watermarking can play a very important role in dealing with this problem. For this reason, it becomes necessary to perform such watermarking in image regions where the disorder regarding the pixels distribution should be less when embedding secret data called watermark. In this paper, we propose a new approach of medical image watermarking in spatial domain with a non-blind way. This approach is based on one of the essential properties of image called Local Entropy (LE). The watermarking in the zones with less local entropy values guarantees a high imperceptibility of the watermark. The choice of the low local entropy is based on measuring or estimating changes in a zones or regions of the image. The watermark embedding consists only on pixels with less local entropy values since these pixels represent less disorder within the image. The results obtained are very encouraging and have been evaluated in terms of imperceptibility through the Peak Signal Noise Rate (PSNR) metric and evaluated also in terms of robustness by measuring the Correlation Coefficients (CC), Bit Error Ratio (BER) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) between the original watermark and the extracted ones. 

Local Entropy-based Non Blind Robust ImageWatermarking: Case of Medical Images

In this article, a hardware implementation of an invisible watermarking system has been proposed using Cyclone IV-E ’EP4CE115F29C7’ FPGA board of ALTERA company. Algorithms have been applied on digital color images using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for the decomposition and Rössler Chaotic Model (RCM) and Genesio-Tesi Chaotic Model (G-TCM) for the watermark encryption. The security of the imp...

FPGA Implementation of Mixed Robust Chaos-based Digital Color Image Watermarking

Recent research efforts have explored methods to achieve the wavelet transform as the most significant tool in medical image enhancement and processing. The problems of image fusion, compression, edge detection, denoising, and contrast enhancement can be handled by discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in the Internet of medical things (IoMT) framework. In this chapter, we present the novel DWT with orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets application. Multiple applications of the wavelet transform in medical images have been submitted. These applications demonstrate the successful impact of applying DWT. The DWT has the ability to enhance the medical image and remove noise. The DWT in image compression can separately reduce the computational complexity into high and low frequency. This process reduces the image data in order to be able to store or transmit data in an efficient form. There are some advantages in using fusion based on DWT during other traditional methods, for example, reduced features and energy compaction. In digital watermarking, DWT technique is used for embedding and extraction of watermark in the original image.

Discrete Wavelet Transform Applications in the IoMT

Digital information, being discrete in nature, possesses the capability to transfer more information at a faster rate with a significantly higher processing ease, all of which are in sharp contrast to analogue information. This has led to digital information being at the forefront of different types of media like image, video and audio. The only drawback of this has been the rise of copyright infringement issues, whereby the original owner becomes devoid of his claim over his uniquely designed creation because of duplicity and tampering by malicious users. Digital watermarking is a well sought out solution to this. The original user deliberately implants a distinctively identifiable impression onto the digital media for preventing copyright violation. The authors over here have focused on the specific domain of Medical Image Watermarking. Medical images like X-rays, USG, and MRI have revolutionized the medication fraternity by providing enhanced diagnosis and treatment of patients. But at the same time, copyright infringement of the medical images is a growing concern. To curb this problem, a notion of creating a binary masked image in comparison to the original medical image has been suggested. The mask helps in specifically identifying the region of interest (ROI)wherein the encrypted watermark has to be implanted for better imperceptibility and security. The encrypted watermark is embedded in the spatial domain, that is, the Least Significant Bit (LSB)of image pixels are modified in accordance to the watermarking bits. For a widespread acceptance of the proposed technique, the embedding and extracting methodologies have been implemented using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The imperceptibility, security and bit hiding capacity results are appreciably substantial. Further, a comparison of the suggested technique against some already relevant cutting edge techniques guarantees the superiority of the proposed technique.

FPGA Realization of Medical Image Watermarking

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FPGA Realization of Medical Image Watermarking