Design and preparation of triphenylamine-based polymeric materials towards emergent optoelectronic applications

A highly fluorescent electrofluorochromic gel with quantum yields as high as 67% is prepared by incorporating the thienoviologen fluorophore 4,4′-(2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl)bis(1-nonylpridinium)bistriflimide into a polymeric matrix. The fluorescent emission spectrum of the gel at low percentages of thienoviologen shows a strong band at 530 nm. A new intense fluorescence band at 630 nm can be induced by fluorophore aggregation. Single layer electrofluorochromic devices were readily prepared by sandwiching the polymer gels between two indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The fluorescence intensity can be easily modulated between a fluorescent and a quenched state, in a wide visible spectral range, by direct electrochemical reduction of the thienoviologen fluorophore. It exhibits three reduction states, each with different emission properties. The reversible interconversion among these states leads to a high electrofluorochromic stability of the device, exhibiting switching times of a few seconds and, to the best of our knowledge, the highest contrast ratio (337).

Highly Fluorescent Thienoviologen‐Based Polymer Gels for Single Layer Electrofluorochromic Devices

Modulation of luminescent color or intensity by varying external stimuli, such as temperature, light, ion concentration, etc., has received increasing attention recently because of numerous applications such as sensors, bioanalysis, optical imaging and memories. For instance, electrically induced luminescent switching — electroluminochromism (ELC) — is one of the most powerful and promising approaches to implement controllable emission due to its facile and precise operation. Recent years have witnessed significant advances in ELC research in the context of materials development and device optimizations. This feature article reviews the fundamentals and recent progress in this emerging field, focusing on working mechanisms, materials, devices and performance improvements. Perspectives for future ELCs are also outlined.

Electroluminochromic Materials and Devices

Electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials, which exhibit electrochemically controllable fluorescence, hold great promise in optoelectronic devices and biological analysis. Here we design such donor–acceptor (D−A) conjugated polymers—P(TPACO) and P(TCEC)—that contain the same electron-rich and oxidizable polytriphenylamine (PTPA) as π-backbone, yet with different electron-deficient ketone and cyano units as pendant groups, respectively. They both exhibit solvatochromic effects due to intrinsic characteristics of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Compared to P(TPACO), P(TCEC) shows stronger ICT, which leads to higher electrochemical oxidation potential and lower ion diffusion coefficient. Moreover, both polymers present simultaneous electrochromic (EC) and EFC behaviors with multistate display and remarkably rapid fluorescence response. The response time of P(TPACO) is as short as 0.19 s, nearly 4-fold faster than that of P(TCEC) (0.92 s). Such rapid response is found to be determined by the ion diffusion co...

Swift Electrofluorochromism of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polytriphenylamines

Metallocenes meet porphyrinoids: Consequences of a "fusion"

Electrochromic and electrofluorochromic properties of a new boron dipyrromethene–ferrocene conjugate

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Electrochromic and electrofluorochromic properties of a new boron dipyrromethene–ferrocene conjugate