Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. marine environment: a review.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated organic compounds used in commercial and household products, such as textiles, furniture, and electronics, to increase their flame ignition resistance and to meet fire safety standards. The demonstrated persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic potential of these compounds in animals and in humans are of increasing concern. The oceans are considered global sinks for PBDEs, as higher levels are found in marine organisms than in terrestrial biota. For the past three decades, North America has dominated the world market demand for PBDEs, consuming 95% of the penta-BDE formulation. Accordingly, the PBDE concentrations in marine biota and people from North America are the highest in the world and are increasing. Despite recent restrictions on penta- and octa-BDE commercial formulations, penta-BDE containing products will remain a reservoir for PBDE release for years to come, and the deca-BDE formulation is still in high-volume use. In this paper, we review all available data on the occurrence and trends of PBDEs in the marine ecosystems (air, water, sediments, invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals) of North and South America. We outline here our concerns about the potential future impacts of large existing stores of banned PBDEs in consumer products, and the vast and growing reservoirs of deca-BDE as well as new and naturally occurring brominated compounds on marine ecosystems.

/pdf/polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-in-marine-ecosystems-of-the-1yogaavkaj.pdf

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the American continents: foresight from current knowledge.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk from the Pacific Northwest

Sublethal and reproductive effects of methylmercury in freshwater fish have been observed at environmentally relevant exposure levels in a number of recent field and laboratory studies. The consequences of methylmercury exposure may be more severe for wild fish than for fish in laboratory tests in which fish are provided ample food. WA Paul Drevnick et al. proposed that methylmercury induces apoptosis in steroidogenic cells in the gonads of fish. They observed an increase in the number of apoptotic follicular cells in the gonads of female fathead minnows that had impaired reproduction due to chronic methylmercury exposure. Laboratory and field studies have shown that methylmercury exposure causes oxidative stress in fish tissues through the formation of radical oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Species differences in sensitivity to methylmercury exposure in fishes have not been assessed, but may be considerable given the variation in avian sensitivity reported by Germany Gary H. Heinz et al.

Methylmercury in Freshwater Fish : Recent Advances in Assessing Toxicity of Environmentally Relevant Exposures

This is a draft work in progress subject to review and revision as information becomes available. This is a draft work in progress subject to review and revision as information becomes available.

https://nctc.fws.gov/resources/course-resources/pesticides/Aquatic%20Effects/pyrethroids_white_paper_final.pdf

Pyrethroid Insecticides: An Analysis of Use Patterns, Distributions, Potential Toxicity and Fate in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Central Valley

PBDEs in the San Francisco Bayarea : Measurements in fish

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PBDEs in the San Francisco Bayarea : Measurements in fish