Early in the HIV epidemic, lipodystrophy, characterized by subcutaneous fat loss (lipoatrophy), with or without central fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy), was recognized as a frequent condition among people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy The subsequent identification of thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as the cause of lipoatrophy led to the development of newer antiretroviral agents; however, studies have demonstrated continued abnormalities in fat and/or lipid storage in PLWH treated with newer drugs (including integrase inhibitor-based regimens), with fat gain due to restoration to health in antiretroviral therapy-naive PLWH, which is compounded by the rising rates of obesity The mechanisms of fat alterations in PLWH are complex, multifactorial and not fully understood, although they are known to result in part from the direct effects of HIV proteins and antiretroviral agents on adipocyte health, genetic factors, increased microbial translocation, changes in the adaptive immune milieu after infection, increased tissue inflammation and accelerated fibrosis Management includes classical lifestyle alterations with a role for pharmacological therapies and surgery in some patients Continued fat alterations in PLWH will have an important effect on lifespan, healthspan and quality of life as patients age worldwide, highlighting the need to investigate the critical uncertainties regarding pathophysiology, risk factors and management

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HIV and antiretroviral therapy-related fat alterations.

Lessons from Epstein-Barr virus DNA detection in cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic tool for EBV-induced central nervous system dysfunction among HIV-positive patients.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is typically characterized by PML-RARα expression. However, variant RARA rearrangement as well as RARB or RARG rearrangement can generate variant APL (vAPL), whic...

MLL-rearrangement can resemble acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Increased expression of progranulin (PGRN) has been reported in some hematological cancers, but limited information regarding its significance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is available. This study involved 60 subjects (40 de novo adult ALL patients and 20 controls). Serum PGRN level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and was correlated with patient outcome. Serum PGRN level was significantly higher in patients than controls. Serum PGRN level did not correlate with age, total leukocytic count, hemoglobin, platelets, absolute blast count in peripheral blood, lactate dehydrogenase, percent of blasts in bone marrow, gender, comorbidities, the presence of central nervous system infiltration, ALL phenotype, cytogenetics and risk of the disease. High serum PGRN level was not associated with inferior overall survival (OS) on univariate analysis. Regarding cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) and disease-free survival (DFS), high PGRN level was associated with poor results on univariate analysis. Moreover, it tended to be independent risk factor on multivariate analysis for CIR but was not an independent predictor of inferior DFS. Serum PGRN level is significantly elevated in de novo adult ALL patients and may be used as a predictor of increased relapse risk.

Prognostic significance of serum progranulin level in de novo adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients

Lessons from Epstein-Barr virus DNA detection in cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic tool for EBV-induced central nervous system dysfunction among HIV-positive patients

The introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in 1996 has significantly influenced the care of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by reducing the risk of opportunist...

The option of treatment and outcomes for patients with AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from a resource-limited setting in China

Clinical outcome after lipectomy in the management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dorsocervical fat accumulation: An observational cohort study.

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The option of treatment and outcomes for patients with AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from a resource-limited setting in China

Clinical outcome after lipectomy in the management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dorsocervical fat accumulation: An observational cohort study.