Estrogen-dependent seasonal adaptations in the immune response of fish.

MicroRNAs mediated environmental stress responses and toxicity signs in teleost fish species

Histopathological and ultrastructural investigations were conducted on 36 tench, Tinca tinca (L.), from Lake Trasimeno (Italy). The gills, intestine, liver, spleen, kidney and heart of 21 individuals were found to harbour an extensive infection of larvae of an unidentified digenean trematode. The eyes, gonads, swim bladder and muscles were uninfected. The parasites in each tissue type were embedded in a granulomatous proliferation of tissue, forming a reactive fibroconnective capsule around each larva. Most of the encysted larvae were metacercariae, in a degenerative state, but on occasion some cercariae were found. Many of the granulomas were either necrotic or had a calcified core. Within the granuloma of each, the occurrence of granulocytes, macrophages, rodlet cells and pigment-bearing macrophage aggregates was observed. Hearts bore the highest parasitic infection. Whilst the presence of metacercariae within the intestine was found positioned between the submucosa and muscle layers, metacercariae in the liver were commonly found encysted on its surface where the hepatocytes in close contact with the granuloma were observed to have electron-lucent vesicles within their cytoplasm. Metacercariae encysting adjacent to the cartilaginous rods of gill filaments were seen to elicit a proliferation of the cartilage from the perichondrium. Rodlet cells, neutrophils and mast cells were frequently observed in close proximity to, and within, infected gill capillaries. Given the degenerated state of most granulomas, a morphology-based identification of the enclosed digeneans was not possible.

http://bio.unipg.it/download/Pubblicazioni/Cell%20types%20JFD_2013.pdf

Cell types and structures involved in tench, Tinca tinca (L.), defence mechanisms against a systemic digenean infection.

Background
Among the European cyprinids, tench, Tinca tinca (L.), and the pathological effects their cestodes may effect, have received very little or no attention. Most literature relating to Monobothrium wageneri Nybelin, 1922, a common intestinal cestode of tench, for example, has focused on aspects of its morphology rather than on aspects of the host-parasite interaction.

/pdf/histological-damage-and-inflammatory-response-elicited-by-5g1dmvd19n.pdf

Histological damage and inflammatory response elicited by Monobothrium wageneri (Cestoda) in the intestine of Tinca tinca (Cyprinidae)

Seasonal variation in thermal tolerance, oxygen consumption, antioxidative enzymes and non-specific immune indices of Indian hill trout, Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton, 1807) from central Himalaya, India.

The seasonal changes of innate immunity of tench, Tinca tinca(L.) with different ploidy level

The fish non-specific (innate) immune response includes
cellular (phagocytes) and humoral parts (complement system
mainly) or the systemic inflammation. In fish, like in mammals,
reactive oxygen metabolites are involved in the respiratory
burst of phagocytes and two pathways of complement activation
(classical, alternative) can be determined. The aim of this
study was to analyze the innate immunity parameters as
respiratory burst of phagocytes, complement activity of plasma
and lysozyme content in skin mucus of common carp (Cyprinus
carpio, Cyprinidae). The samples from total of 160 individuals
were collected in five periods of the year including different
seasons (early summer, late summer, autumn, winter and spring).
The seasonal changes in respiratory burst were detected in raw
data as well as after correction for phagocyte number, it shows
negative correlation to water temperature, thus the activity
was the lowest in the summer. Complement activity of plasma was
determined using luminometric method according to bacteriolytic
activity against bioluminescent bacteria. Plasma in
concentration 300ul.ml-1 was used in total activity to kill 50%
of bacteria; alternative pathway needed higher plasma
concentration (500ul.ml-1). The seasonal changes in complement
activity were observed, the highest total activity was
determined in autumn, lower in summer and in winter. The lowest
activity was detected in spring. The highest activity of
alternative pathway was detected in spring, lower in autumn and
the lowest values were determined in winter and in summer.
Lysozyme in skin mucus was detected in all periods of the year
with maximum in late summer and minimum concentration in early
summer. Our results suggest strong seasonal effect with
negative correlation of oxidative burst to water temperature.
Opposite, lysozyme activity in skin mucus protects fishes
mainly during late summer period. Effect of reproductive season
was not detected in all parameters; only insignificant results
suggest weakness of total complement pathway.

The seasonal changes of innate immunity in common carp(Cyprinus carpio)

The basic function of the immune system is to protect an organism against infection in order to minimize the fitness costs of being infected. According to life-history theory, energy resources are in a trade-off between the costly demands of immunity and other physiological demands. Concerning fish, both physiology and immunity are influenced by seasonal changes (i.e. temporal variation) associated to the changes of abiotic factors (such as primarily water temperature) and interactions with pathogens and parasites. In this study, we investigated the potential associations between the physiology and immunocompetence of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected during five different periods of a given year. Our sampling included the periods with temporal variability and thus, it presented a different level in exposure to parasites. We analyzed which of two factors, seasonality or parasitism, had the strongest impact on changes in fish physiology and immunity. We found that seasonal changes play a key role in affecting the analyzed measurements of physiology, immunity and parasitism. The correlation analysis revealed the relationships between the measures of overall host physiology, immunity and parasite load when temporal variability effect was removed. When analyzing separately parasite groups with different life-strategies, we found that fish with a worse condition status were infected more by monogeneans, representing the most abundant parasite group. The high infection by cestodes seems to activate the phagocytes. A weak relationship was found between spleen size and abundance of trematodes when taking into account seasonal changes. Even if no direct trade-off between the measures of host immunity and physiology was confirmed when taking into account the seasonality, it seems that seasonal variability affects host immunity and physiology through energy allocation in a trade-off between life important functions, especially reproduction and fish condition. Host immunity measures were not found to be in a trade-off with the investigated physiological traits or functions, but we confirmed the immunosuppressive role of 11-ketotestosterone on fish immunity measured by complement activity. We suggest that the different parasite life-strategies influence different aspects of host physiology and activate the different immunity pathways.

/pdf/are-fish-immune-systems-really-affected-by-parasites-an-2izx0iohwr.pdf

Are fish immune systems really affected by parasites? an immunoecological study of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

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Papers

The seasonal changes of innate immunity of tench, Tinca tinca(L.) with different ploidy level

The seasonal changes of innate immunity in common carp(Cyprinus carpio)

Are fish immune systems really affected by parasites? an immunoecological study of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)