Special Lecture: The Origin, Diversity, and Biology of Shoot-Borne Roots P.W. Barlow. The Commercial Importance of Adventitious Rooting: Commercial Application of Adventitious Rooting to Forestry G.A. Ritchie. Infrastructure for Research: Model Systems for Studying Adventitious Root Formation S.G. Ernst. Setting the Stage for Rooting: Novel Experimental Systems for Determining Cellular Competence and Determination D. Mohnen. Induction of Rooting: Auxin Metabolism and Adventitious Root Initiation D. Blakesley. Root Development and Plant Growth: Modeling Root System Morphology in Rice S. Morita, J. Abe. Special Chapter: A Historical Evaluation of Adventitious Rooting Research to 1993 B.E. Haissig, T.D. Davis. Epilogue: Research on Adventitious Rooting W.P. Hackett, J.R. Murray. 12 additional articles. Index.

Biology of Adventitious Root Formation

This review presents a synthesis of current knowledge on Root Growth Potential (RGP) of nursery-grown forest seedlings. RGP, the measure of a transplanted seedling's ability to rapidly produce new roots, is a key indicator of seedling vigour and survival after planting. Physiologically, RGP appears to be closely linked to bud dormancy. It peaks when the chilling requirement for dormancy release is fulfilled, then declines, presumably reflecting the internal allocation of current photo-assimilate to shoot growth. RGP can be manipulated in the nursery through practices that induce dormancy, increase root fibrosity, and enhance carbohydrate reserves. Autumn and winter nursery temperatures influence RGP through their effect on dormancy release. Date of lifting establishes the dormancy status of seedlings when they enter storage, and temperature and duration of storage further influence the dormancy status at the time of planting. Improper handling and misplanting can reduce RGP expression, as can low soil temperature, low soil water potential and soil compaction on the planting site. INTRODUCTION Initial survival of planted trees depends in large measure on their physiological readiness to rapidly produce new roots and thereby re-establish intimate contact with the soil (Smith, 1962). This ability is sometimes referred to as the "Root Growth Potential," or RGP, and many authors have stressed its importance as a critical ingredient of seedling quality and subsequent reforestation success (e.g., Gilmore, 1962; Zaerr, 1967; Larson, 1970; Larson and Whitmore, 1970; Lathrop and Mecklenberg, 1971; Etter and Carlson, 1973; Farmer, 1975; Day and MacGillivray, 1975; W. Webb, 1975a, b, 1977; von Lupke, 1976; Day et al., 1976). While it has been difficult to establish a clear cause-effect relationship between RGP and seedling survival after planting, a compelling body of evidence (summarised in Table 1) indicates that the two are often very closely correlated. Thirty years ago Wakeley (1948) emphasised that seedling morphological grades were inadequate indicators of seedling performance, and that seedlings that survived and performed well apparently did so due to their superior physiological grade. He concluded, however, "How to recognize physiological grades before planting the seedlings and observing their success or failure remains to be discovered." Some twenty years later, E. C. Stone and co-workers demonstrated that a seedling's ability to grow roots in a test environment could be used as a measure of seedling physiological grade or overall seedling vigour (Stone, 1955; Stone and Schubert, 1959b, c; Stone and Jenkinson, 1971). Furthermore, the period during which seedlings exhibit high RGP coincides very closely with the period during which they are most tolerant to desiccation and physical damage (Hermann, 1962, 1964, 1967; Mullin, 1978; Lavender and Wareing, 1972) and therefore are more able to survive the rigours of lifting, handling, storing and outplanting. The RGP level can thus be used, in effect, as an index of seedling resilience (Stone, 1955; Stone et al, 1963; Stone and Jenkinson, 1971; Day et al, 1976). N.Z. J . For . Sci. 10(1): 218-48 (1980). No. 1 Ritchie and Dunlap — Root Growth Potential in Tree Seedlings 219 TABLE 1. Relationship between Root Growth Potential and field survival. (Correlation ratings are authors' interpretations.) Species R G P vs. SURVIVAL Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) Loblolly pine (P. taeda) Ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) Ponderosa pine (January planting) Ponderosa pine (March planting) Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Root growth potential: its development and expression in forest tree seedlings.

Morphogenesis in Plants

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/152/3723/721.full.pdf

Plant Hormones and Regulators

Cuttings obtained from seedlings of Pisum sativum L. were rooted in water solution. Shoot growth continued after excision and shoot length increased considerably before roots emerged. Increase in dry weight was strongly dependent on light supply. Continued growth was dependent on supply of mineral nutrients to the rooting solution.

Mineral nutrients had no or slight influence on the number of roots formed on cuttings from stock plants grown in fertilized soil, but the growth in length of the roots was dependent on the presence of calcium in the solution. Root formation was dependent on photosynthetic products formed after excision. No roots were formed on cuttings kept in the dark. The number of roots increased with increasing irradiance given to the leafy part of the cutting. At a low level of irradiance sucrose supply through the rooting medium increased the number of roots. Light given to the basal part of the cuttings had a strongly inhibitory effect on the number of roots formed. It is concluded that the carbohydrate level easily becomes a limiting factor for root formation in growing pea cuttings. Availability of mineral nutrients influences in the first place the growth of the shoots.

Effects of Nutrients and Light on Growth and Root Formation in Pisum sativum Cuttings

An analysis of the function of the leaf in the process of root formation in cuttings

Free and bound auxin in the vegetative pineapple plant.

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An analysis of the function of the leaf in the process of root formation in cuttings

Free and bound auxin in the vegetative pineapple plant.