The role of natural antioxidants in cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Carnosic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats via fortifying cellular antioxidant defense system

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant potential of ampelopsin (APS) by using various methods in vitro, as well as to determine effects of APS on LPS-induced oxidative stress in piglets. The results showed that APS exhibited excellent free radical scavenging by DPPH, ABTS, O2•−, H2O2 and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Ampelopsin also protected pig erythrocytes against AAPH-induced apoptosis and hemolysis, decreased total superoxide dismutase activity, and increased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore the results demonstrated that APS enhanced the total antioxidant capacity and decreased the malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in LPS-treated piglets. The results of the present investigation suggest that APS possesses a strong antioxidant activity and alleviates LPS-induced oxidative stress, possibly due to its ability to prevent reactive oxygen species.

/pdf/evaluation-of-antioxidant-activities-of-ampelopsin-and-its-5csgsxsyky.pdf

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Ampelopsin and Its Protective Effect in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative Stress Piglets

The plant Garcinia kola is used in African ethno-medicine to treat various oxidation- and inflammation-related diseases but its bioactive compounds are not well characterized. Garcinoic acid (GA) is one of the few phytochemicals that have been isolated from Garcinia kola. We investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanol extract of Garcinia kola seeds (NE) and purified GA, as a major phytochemical in these seeds, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and its anti-atherosclerotic potential in high fat diet fed ApoE-/- mice. This study outlines an optimized procedure for the extraction and purification of GA from Garcinia kola seeds with an increased yield and a purity of >99%. We found that LPS-induced upregulation of iNos and Cox2 expression, and the formation of the respective signaling molecules nitric oxide and prostanoids, were significantly diminished by both the NE and GA. In addition, GA treatment in mice decreased intra-plaque inflammation by attenuating nitrotyrosinylation. Further, modulation of lymphocyte sub-populations in blood and spleen have been detected, showing immune regulative properties of GA. Our study provides molecular insights into the anti-inflammatory activities of Garcinia kola and reveals GA as promising natural lead for the development of multi-target drugs to treat inflammation-driven diseases.

The vitamin E derivative garcinoic acid from Garcinia kola nut seeds attenuates the inflammatory response.

Liver diseases constitute a global concern, and available medical treatments have limited efficacy. Herbal medicines have been used for treatment of aliments since ancient times, and some plant extracts and natural compounds find applications as hepatoprotective active principles, while others adversely induced liver toxicity used for treatment of diseases unrelated to liver. Indeed, the liver represents the key “metabolic factory” in the organism and, therefore the most exposed organ to xenobiotics, and may be modulated by any compound irrespective to the purpose of use. This chapter reviews the modulatory effect of African medicinal plants on liver. We identified 47 medicinal plants, with 36 and 11 plants exhibiting hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic effect, respectively. The action mechanisms involved in the hepatotoxicity/hepoprotection by the identified plants are not well elucidated, though modulation of antioxidant system is emphasized. More in-depth research studies are needed to clarify the pathways and molecules involved in their action, and to investigate other unstudied medicinal plants, in order to guarantee their safe use.

Hepatotoxicity and Hepatoprotective Effects of African Medicinal Plants

Purpose : To study the effect of the crude methanol extract of Garcinia kola seed on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue damage in rats Methods : A total of 16 rats were split equally into four treatment groups: Normal controls, LPS-treated only, LPS-treated + 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) extract, LPS-treated + 250 mg/kg b.w. extract. LPS was administered via the intraperitoneal route once and the extract orally administered to the rats for 14 days. Indices of liver and kidney function were later assessed. Results : The results showed that LPS caused marked elevations in the blood levels of alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, creatinine, urea, nitric oxide and a significant reduction in the catalase activity in both liver and kidney. The thiobarbituric acid reactive species were also increased in liver. These levels were brought to near control values when the rats were fed with the extract. The changes were more pronounced in the rats given the 250 mg/kg b.w. of the extract. Conclusion : The data suggest that Garcinia kola significantly reduced the tissue damage induced by LPS which may be dose-dependent. This is probably due to the interaction of the various phytochemicals with LPS and/or to the fact that the extract possesses significant antioxidant properties.

/pdf/the-effect-of-garcinia-kola-extract-on-lipopolysaccha-ride-1ay5epehca.pdf

The effect of Garcinia kola extract on lipopolysaccha-ride-induced tissue damage in rats

Comparative effect of selenium and glycine on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death and activation of macrophage U937 cells.

Kolaviron is an important bi-flavonoid complex isolated from Garcinia kola seeds which has been reported to possess significant bioactivities. Cisplatin is an antineoplastic drug but tissue damage is a limiting factor to its chemotherapy. The effect of kolaviron on cisplatin-induced alterations of some biochemical parameters in rats was investigated. The study included a control group (group I) that received neither cisplatin nor kolaviron while group II received only kolaviron (100 mg/kg/day) orally for the duration of the experiment. Rats in group III were given cisplatin (10 mg/kg/day) for three consecutive days intraperitoneally. In addition to the injection of cisplatin, rats in group IV were orally given kolaviron at 100 mg/kg/day for six consecutive days prior to the treatment with cisplatin, and for three days simultaneously with cisplatin. However animals in group V were given kolaviron at 200 mg/kg/day for six consecutive days prior to the treatment with cisplatin, and for three days simultaneously with cisplatin. Thereafter, rats were anaesthesized, dissected, serum and tissues were collected and analyzed. The intrapetitoneal-adminstration of cisplatin (10 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (Urea) and creatinine indicative of liver and kidney damage. Cisplatin also increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-AE’A‘), interleukin-6 (IL-6) while significantly reducing the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in both liver and kidney. However, oral administration of kolaviron (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) for six days prior and three days co-treatment with cisplatin significantly reversed the cisplatin-induced alterations close to control levels. Apart from the expression of SOD and CAT in liver, the effect of kolaviron was dose-dependent (p < 0.05). Treating the rats with kolaviron (100 mg/kg) alone only significantly enhanced the expression of SOD and CAT in liver over control (p < 0.05). The results reveal kolaviron as an effective chemoprotective agent against cisplatin-induced tissue damage in rats which can be exploited pharmacologically.

Kolaviron protects against cisplatin-induced hepatic and renal oxidative damage in rats

Objective: Costus afer is a perennial monocot consumed as a remedy for various ailments. The present study investigates the effect of Costus afer stem extract on ferrous/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain, liver and kidney homogenates. The inherent antioxidant and free radical scavenging potentials of the extract were also assessed using various in-vitro models.
Methods: Homogenates of isolated tissues were prepared and lipid peroxidation was induced using the ferrous/ascorbate system and subsequently incubated with various concentrations of the extract. The ability of the methanolic extract to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and its ability to reduce ferric ions were investigated. The total antioxidant potential via the phosphomolybdate method was also measured.
Results: The results revealed that Costus afer stem extract reduced tissue lipid peroxidation induced by ferrous/ascorbate. The extract also possessed significant antioxidant/free radical scavenging activity via the other in vitro models. In all cases, the effects were concentration-dependent.
Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Costus afer stem possessed significant antioxidant potential ascribable to important phytochemicals and could protect cells/tissues from reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Thus the plant has high pharmacological and ethnobotanical prospects.

/pdf/assessment-of-the-in-vitro-anti-lipid-peroxidative-activity-5wqn9f6nwk.pdf

Assessment of the in vitro anti-lipid peroxidative activity of Costus afer stem extract

The effect of glycine and kolaviron on lipopolysaccharide-induced U937 cell damage and activation of U937-derived macrophages was studied. U937 cells were incubated with either glycine or kolaviron or both for 24 h before exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Cell viability and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were later assessed. In the other experiment, the U937 cells were transformed to the macrophage form using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and incubated with or without glycine or kolaviron or both before exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Production of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and NO were later assessed. The expression of the antioxidant enzymes- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was also evaluated via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). It revealed that lipopolysaccharide caused significant cell death and production of reactive oxygen species that was reduced by glycine and kolaviron. Glycine and kolaviron also reduced lipopolysaccharide-mediated secretion of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and NO in U937-derived macrophages. In some cases, pre-incubation of cells with both glycine and kolaviron was better than the individual responses. Glycine and kolaviron also reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations in the expression of SOD and CAT (p<0.05). The study shows that both glycine and kolaviron (either separately or in combination) reduced lipopolysaccharide-mediated alterations in U937 cells and U937-derived macrophages.

/pdf/protective-role-of-glycine-and-kolaviron-on-1x0jwyah.pdf

Protective role of glycine and kolaviron on lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations of raw U937 cells and U937-derived macrophages

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