Jasmonates: An Update on Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction and Action in Plant Stress Response, Growth and Development

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(09)00300-8.pdf

The evolutionary context for herbivore-induced plant volatiles: beyond the "cry-for-help"

Multiple stress factors and the emission of plant VOCs

Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are induced by insect feeding, a response that is mediated by the plant hormone, jasmonic acid. Although VOCs mainly attract predatory mites and parasitic wasps, while EFN mainly attracts ants, many more animal-plant interactions are influenced by these two traits. Other traits involved in defensive tritrophic interactions are cellular food bodies and domatia, which serve the nutrition and housing of predators. They are not known to respond to herbivory, while food body production can be induced by the presence of the mutualists. Interactions among the different defensive traits, and between them and other biotic and abiotic factors exist on the genetic, physiological, and ecological levels, but so far remain understudied. Indirect defences are increasingly being discussed as an environmentally-friendly crop protection strategy, but much more knowledge on their fitness effects under certain environmental conditions is required before we can understand their ecological and evolutionary relevance, and before tritrophic interactions can serve as a reliable tool in agronomy.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02330.x

Indirect defence via tritrophic interactions.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds produced by plants are involved in plant growth, development, reproduction and defence. They also function as communication media within plant communities, between plants and between plants and insects. Because of the high chemical reactivity of many of these compounds, coupled with their large mass emission rates from vegetation into the atmosphere, they have significant effects on the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the atmosphere. Hence, biogenic volatile organic compounds mediate the relationship between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Alteration of this relationship by anthropogenically driven changes to the environment, including global climate change, may perturb these interactions and may lead to adverse and hard-to-predict consequences for the Earth system.New Phytologist (2009) 183: 27-51doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02859.x.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02859.x

Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Earth system

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are commonly emitted by green plants, and their production is drastically enhanced when they are under biotic stress. To clarify the ecological function of naturally emitted GLVs, we studied the response of Arabidopsis, whose GLV biosynthesis had been modified, when subjected to herbivory or a pathogenic infection. There was a significant increase in GLV production after herbivory by cabbage white butterfly larvae and pathogen (gray mold) infection in hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) sense Arabidopsis compared with WT controls. The HPL sense modification resulted in the plant being more attractive to the parasitic wasp Cotesia glomerata, leading to higher mortality of the herbivores. The HPL sense modification also resulted in greater inhibition of growth of the fungus. By contrast, HPL antisense Arabidopsis produced fewer GLVs, attracted fewer parasitoids, and was more susceptible to the pathogens than the WT control. These data show that (i) one of the ecological functions of GLV biosynthesis related to resistance against both herbivores and pathogens, and (ii) the genetic modification of GLV biosynthesis could be a unique approach for improving plant resistance against such biotic stresses.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/103/45/16672.full.pdf

Changing green leaf volatile biosynthesis in plants: An approach for improving plant resistance against both herbivores and pathogens

Fruit development normally occurs after pollination and fertilization; however, in parthenocarpic plants, the ovary grows into the fruit without pollination and/or fertilization. Parthenocarpy has been recognized as a highly attractive agronomic trait because it could stabilize fruit yield under unfavorable environmental conditions. Although natural parthenocarpic varieties are useful for breeding Solanaceae plants, their use has been limited, and little is known about their molecular and biochemical mechanisms. Here, we report a parthenocarpic eggplant mutant, pad-1, which accumulates high levels of auxin in the ovaries. Map-based cloning showed that the wild-type (WT) Pad-1 gene encoded an aminotransferase with similarity to Arabidopsis VAS1 gene, which is involved in auxin homeostasis. Recombinant Pad-1 protein catalyzed the conversion of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) to tryptophan (Trp), which is a reverse reaction of auxin biosynthetic enzymes, tryptophan aminotransferases (TAA1/TARs). The RNA level of Pad-1 gene increased during ovary development and reached its highest level at anthesis stage in WT. This suggests that the role of Pad-1 in WT unpollinated ovary is to prevent overaccumulation of IAA resulting in precocious fruit-set. Furthermore, suppression of the orthologous genes of Pad-1 induced parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato and pepper plants. Our results demonstrated that the use of pad-1 genes would be powerful tools to improve fruit production of Solanaceae plants.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/117/23/12784.full.pdf

Loss of function of the Pad-1 aminotransferase gene, which is involved in auxin homeostasis, induces parthenocarpy in Solanaceae plants

In response to herbivory by cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) larvae, crucifer plants emit green leaf volatiles (GLVs) that attract Cotesia glomerata, a carnivorous natural enemy of the larvae. To artificially increase GLV production by crucifers, we created transgenic Arabidopsis that constitutively expressed cucumber cytosolic lipoxygenase (CsLOX2). Transgenic Arabidopsis (p35S::CsLOX2.6 and p35S::CsLOX2.14) infested with P. rapae larvae were more attractive to C. glomerata than wild type (wt) and produced more jasmonic acid. p35S::CsLOX2.14 had a higher incidence of parasitism of the larvae than did wt. Infested transgenic plants emitted more (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, (Z)-β-ocimene, and DMNT than infested wt plants; (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate is known to attract Cotesia wasps. Transforming cruciferous crops with cytosolic CsLOX2 could aid integrated pest management via tritrophic interactions.

Cytosolic LOX overexpression in Arabidopsis enhances the attractiveness of parasitic wasps in response to herbivory and incidences of parasitism

Junji Takabayashi (Kyoto University, Center for Ecological Research, Professor) 【Outline of survey】 Plants are known to defend themselves against herbivores and pathogen directly by producing toxins, digestability reducers, repellents etc. Further, plants defend themselves against herbivores indirectly by producing so-called “herbivore-induced volatiles” that attract carnivorous natural enemies of the herbivores. This defense is called induced indirect defense against herbivores. Here, we focused on the molecular mechanisms involved in this defense. We also focused on its application in peat control. The following two projects are planed. (1) Role of plant oxilipin pathways in induced indirect defense against herbivores. (2) Effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on the interaction networks in ecosystems.

/pdf/induced-indirect-defense-of-plants-against-herbivores-and-3s5vpr9i6k.pdf

Induced indirect defense of plants against herbivores and its application in pest control

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Changing green leaf volatile biosynthesis in plants: An approach for improving plant resistance against both herbivores and pathogens

Loss of function of the Pad-1 aminotransferase gene, which is involved in auxin homeostasis, induces parthenocarpy in Solanaceae plants

Cytosolic LOX overexpression in Arabidopsis enhances the attractiveness of parasitic wasps in response to herbivory and incidences of parasitism

Induced indirect defense of plants against herbivores and its application in pest control