As the world's largest energy consumer, the building sector is under growing pressure to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. To confront this challenge, the thermal performance of building elements, especially for cooling purposes, must be enhanced. One promising solution involves the incorporation of PCMs to augment a building's thermal mass. Unlike traditional building materials that store thermal energy sensibly, PCMs store it in a latent form by undergoing phase transitions at constant temperatures. This unique characteristic allows PCMs to store and release more heat efficiently than sensible heat thermal energy storage materials. As a result, PCMs have emerged as a prominent solution for passive cooling and heating applications in buildings. This paper proposes a systematic review of existing literature, classifying it based on building components and effective PCM integration methods while considering climatic influences. The primary objective is to comprehensively analyze the application of PCMs within building envelopes to enhance indoor thermal comfort. This study explores various methods for assessing the thermal properties of PCMs and PCM composites. Notably, integrating PCMs into building components like walls and roofs has shown remarkable potential in reducing energy consumption within the building envelope. This approach is precious in lightweight construction, where conventional passive design strategies may fall short. This study aims to bridge the existing research gap and provide valuable insights for designing energy-efficient buildings across diverse climates by systematically evaluating the impact of directly incorporating thermal energy storage systems into building components. 

A comprehensive review of the thermal performance in energy efficient building envelope incorporated with phase change materials

The objective of this study is to perform peak load shaving at a virtual power plant (VPP) to maximize the electricity cost-saving for local distribution companies (LDCs) while satisfying the necessary operational constraints. It can be achieved by implementing an efficient algorithm to control the conservation voltage reduction technique (CVR) with embedded energy resources (EERs) to optimize electricity costs during peak hours. EERs consist of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar and diesel generators and energy storage systems (ESSs) such as utility-scale and residential batteries. An objective function of mixed integer linear programming is formulated as the electricity cost function. Different operational constraints of EERs are formulated to solve the peak shaving optimization problem. The proposed algorithm is tested using data from a real Australian power distribution network. This paper discusses four cases to demonstrate the performance and economic benefits of the control algorithm. Each of these cases illustrates how EERs contribute differently each year, month, and day. Results showed that the proposed algorithm offers significant cost savings and can shave up to three daily peaks.

/pdf/maximizing-the-electricity-cost-savings-for-local-2byfx1r3.pdf

Maximizing the Electricity Cost-Savings for Local Distribution System Using a New Peak-Shaving Approach Based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming

Thermal energy storage is crucial in the context of achieving carbon neutrality. Phase change latent heat stands out among various thermal storage methods due to the high energy density of phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs possess unique characteristics such as tunable thermal storage or/and release processes, constant phase-transition temperatures, and changes in physical state. However, solid-liquid PCMs cannot be directly utilized due to the liquid leakage in their melted state. The encapsulation of PCM microcapsules (PCMMs) is essential for overcoming limitations and optimizing functionalities of the PCMs. Encapsulation strategies play a key role in considering factors like morphology, structure, physicochemical properties, and specific applications. Furthermore, PCMMs can expand their potential applications by incorporating functional nano-materials within their shells or introducing specific components into their cores during the synthesis process. This review examines various encapsulation strategies for PCMMs, including physical, physicochemical, and chemical methods. Various applications of PCMMs are summarized and analyzed with regards to the characteristics of PCMs in thermal storage, temperature control, and state transformation. Furthermore, the reinforcement strategies or/and design considerations of PCMMs are crucial for meeting specific requirements, such as conventional latent heat storage, thermal protection, and thermal-triggered intelligent materials. Finally, it discusses current challenges, proposed solutions, and future research directions in the field of PCMMs, particularly Janus particle modified PCMMs. 

Solid-liquid phase change materials microcapsules: Synthesis strategies, thermal storage and beyond

pdf/types-of-phase-change-materials-and-encapsulated-methods-for-27alf0sduc.pdf

Types of Phase Change Materials and Encapsulated Methods for Microcapsules in Cold Storage: Review and One Case Study

Introduction

A review on microencapsulated phase change materials in building materials

Abstract In recent years, energy has become an important factor in overall development. Most of the energy comes from fossil fuels which are nonrenewable and harmful to our environment. It has become important to develop new application technologies that utilize thermal energy storage (TES) technology. Energy storage technology based on PCMs is a cutting-edge research area with a wide range of potential applications. But the biggest problem of phase change material is its leakage problem, for that the researchers have set up a solution i.e., the microencapsulation techniques. This paper gives an overview of the synthesis of (MPCM) microencapsulated phase change material by using different methodologies and their applications in industrial coatings. Corrosion is the biggest problem in industrial coatings which reduces the working time span and overall performance of the coatings. The incorporation of the micro-PCMs in industrial coatings increases workability as well as the overall performance of the coatings. This review covers the use of MPCM in various industrial coating applications, challenges, and their future directions are also discussed.

Microencapsulation of polymeric phase change materials (MPCM) for thermal energy storage in industrial coating applications

Optimization of unit commitment can be performed in various ways which include Dynamic Programming as one of the most reliable method. The precise meaning of unit commitment is scheduling of generators to increase the efficiency of generation while keeping the cost of generation to be minimum. This can be achieved by systematic following of the procedures of dynamic programming. Constraints related to dynamic programming enfolds the practical situations. Ideal situations can be often misinterpreted and certain factors of conditioning can be ignored. Hence, reliability constraint pertaining to risk of generation limit incapability is also important and down to be looked upon. Simulation of dynamic programming offers a better insight of the nominal and the actual values induced by using this programming method.

A Review of Unit Commitment Problem Using Dynamic Programming

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A review on microencapsulated phase change materials in building materials

Microencapsulation of polymeric phase change materials (MPCM) for thermal energy storage in industrial coating applications

A Review of Unit Commitment Problem Using Dynamic Programming