저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

The introduction of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) severely damaged the New Zealand kiwifruit industry, which in 2010 was based on only two cultivars Despite an extraordinarily quick and strong response by industry, government, and scientists to minimize the economic and social impacts, the economic consequences of this outbreak were severe Although our understanding of Psa epidemiology and control methods increased substantively over the past six years, the kiwifruit industry largely recovered because of the introduction of a less-susceptible yellow-fleshed cultivar The New Zealand population of Psa is clonal but has evolved rapidly since its introduction by exchanging mobile genetic elements, including integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), with the local bacterial populations In some cases, this has led to copper resistance It is currently believed that the center of origin of the pathogen is Japan or Korea, but biovar 3, which is responsible for the global outbreak, originated in China

The Scientific, Economic, and Social Impacts of the New Zealand Outbreak of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit (Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae).

The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to control multiple pathogens that affect different crops was studied, namely, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni in Prunus and Xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry. A screening procedure based on in vitro and in planta assays of the three bacterial pathogens was successful in selecting potential LAB strains as biological control agents. The antagonistic activity of 55 strains was first tested in vitro and the strains Lactobacillus plantarum CC100, PM411 and TC92, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides CM160 and CM209 were selected because of their broad-spectrum activity. The biocontrol efficacy of the selected strains was assessed using a multiple-pathosystem approach in greenhouse conditions. L. plantarum PM411 and TC92 prevented all three pathogens from infecting their corresponding plant hosts. In addition, the biocontrol performance of PM411 and TC92 was comparable to the reference products (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747, Bacillus subtilis QST713, chitosan, acibenzolar-S-methyl, copper and kasugamycin) in semi-field and field experiments. The in vitro inhibitory mechanism of PM411 and TC92 is based, at least in part, on a pH lowering effect and the production of lactic acid. Moreover, both strains showed similar survival rates on leaf surfaces. PM411 and TC92 can easily be distinguished because of their different multilocus sequence typing and random amplified polymorphic DNA profiles.

Biological control of bacterial plant diseases with Lactobacillus plantarum strains selected for their broad-spectrum activity

Since 2008, the kiwifruit industry has been devastated by a pandemic outbreak of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of bacterial canker. This disease has become the most significant limiting factor in kiwifruit production. Psa colonizes different organs of the host plant, causing a specific symptomatology on each of them. In addition, the systemic invasion of the plant may quickly lead to plant death. Despite the massive risk that this disease poses to the kiwifruit industry, studies focusing on Psa ecology have been sporadic, and a comprehensive description of the disease epidemiology is still missing. Optimal environmental conditions for infection, dispersal and survival in the environment, or the mechanisms of penetration and colonization of host tissues have not been fully elucidated yet. The present work aims to provide a synthesis of the current knowledge, and a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of kiwifruit bacterial canker based on new experimental data. The pathogen may survive in the environment or overwinter in dormant tissues and be dispersed by wind or rain. Psa was observed in association with several plant structures (stomata, trichomes, lenticels) and wounds, which could represent entry points for apoplast infection. Environmental conditions also affect the bacterial colonization, with lower optimum values of temperature and humidity for epiphytic than for endophytic growth, and disease incidence requiring a combination of mild temperature and leaf wetness. By providing information on Psa ecology, these data sets may contribute to plan efficient control strategies for kiwifruit bacterial canker.

/pdf/pseudomonas-syringae-pv-actinidiae-ecology-infection-4krdx9op6u.pdf

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae: Ecology, Infection Dynamics and Disease Epidemiology

Flowers can provide a protected and nutrient-rich environment to the epiphytic microflora, thus representing a sensible entry point for pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). This bacterium can colonize both male and female Actinidia flowers, causing flower browning and fall, and systemic invasion of the host plant, eventually leading to its death. However, the process of flower colonization and penetration into the host tissues has not yet been fully elucidated. In addition, the presence of Psa in the pollen from infected flowers, and the role of pollination in the spread of Psa requires confirmation. The present study employed a Psa strain constitutively expressing the fluorescent GFPuv protein, to visualize in vivo flower colonization. Microscopy observations were performed by means of confocal laser scanning and wide-field fluorescent microscopy, and were coupled with the study of Psa population dynamics by quantitative PCR (q-PCR). The pathogen was shown to colonize stigmata, move along the stylar furrow, and penetrate the receptacles via the style or nectarhodes. Once the receptacle was invaded, the pathogen migrated along the flower pedicel and became systemic. Psa was also able to colonize the anthers epiphytically and endophytically. Infected male flowers produced contaminated pollen, which could transmit Psa to healthy plants. Finally, pollinators (Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris) were studied in natural conditions, showing that, although they can be contaminated with Psa, the pathogen's transmission via pollinators is contrasted by its short survival in the hive.

/pdf/pathways-of-flower-infection-and-pollen-mediated-dispersion-515cwtl5uv.pdf

Pathways of flower infection and pollen-mediated dispersion of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker.

A significant percentage of the mitochondrial mass is replaced on a daily basis via mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control. Through mitophagy (a selective type of autophagy that promotes mitochondrial proteostasis) cells keep a healthy pool of mitochondria, and prevent oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, mitophagy helps adapting to the metabolic demand of the cells, which changes on a daily basis. Core components of the mitophagy process are PINK1 and Parkin, which mutations are linked to Parkinson’s Disease. The crucial role of PINK1/Parkin pathway during stress-induced mitophagy has been extensively studied in vitro in different cell types. However, recent advances in the field allowed discovering that mitophagy seems to be only slightly affected in PINK1 KO mice and flies, putting into question the physiological relevance of this pathway in vivo in the whole organism. Indeed, several cell-specific PINK1/Parkin-independent mitophagy pathways have been recently discovered, which appear to be activated under physiological conditions such as those that promote mitochondrial proteome remodeling during differentiation or in response to specific physiological stimuli. In this Mini Review we want to summarize the recent advances in the field, and add another level of complexity by focusing attention on a potentially important aspect of mitophagy regulation: the implication of the circadian clock. Recent works showed that the circadian clock controls many aspects of mitochondrial physiology, including mitochondrial morphology and dynamic, respiratory activity, and ATP synthesis. Furthermore, one of the essential functions of sleep, which is controlled by the clock, is the clearance of toxic metabolic compounds from the brain, including ROS, via mechanisms of proteostasis. Very little is known about a potential role of the clock in the quality control mechanisms that maintain the mitochondrial repertoire healthy during sleep/wake cycles. More importantly, it remains completely unexplored whether (dys)function of mitochondrial proteostasis feedbacks to the circadian clockwork.

/pdf/mitochondrial-autophagy-in-the-sleeping-brain-2jfo78ek.pdf

Mitochondrial autophagy in the sleeping brain

Italy has a preeminent rank in kiwifruit industry, being the first exporter and the second largest producer after China However, in the last years kiwifruit yields and the global cultivated area considerably decreased, due to the pandemic spread of the bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) Several climatic conditions and cultural practices affect the development of the bacterial canker With the emergence of this devastating disease, the use of pesticides rapidly increased and therefore the kiwifruit quality can be maintained only by ensuring agricultural practices that reduce the need of toxic xenobiotic compounds This research work focused on the impact of agricultural practices on disease development and spread High nitrogen fertilization, iron deficiency and water stress were related to more severe symptoms Open canopies allow a better irradiation, aeration, and penetration of phytosanitary treatments Synthetic gibberellins reduced disease incidence and severity in controlled conditions Finally, the preliminary guideline harmonizing the best cultural practices with the current disease control inputs is provided

Influence of cultural practices on the incidence and severity of kiwifruit bacterial canker

Italy has a preeminent rank in kiwifruit industry, being the first exporter and the second largest producer after China. However, in the last years kiwifruit yields and the global cultivated area considerably decreased, due to the pandemic spread of the bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). Several climatic conditions and cultural practices affect the development of the bacterial canker. With the emergence of this devastating disease, the use of pesticides rapidly increased and therefore the kiwifruit quality can be maintained only by ensuring agricultural practices that reduce the need of toxic xenobiotic compounds. This research work focused on the impact of agricultural practices on disease development and spread. High nitrogen fertilization, iron deficiency and water stress were related to more severe symptoms. Open canopies allow a better irradiation, aeration, and penetration of phytosanitary treatments. Synthetic gibberellins reduced disease incidence and severity in controlled conditions. Finally, the preliminary guideline harmonizing the best cultural practices with the current disease control inputs is provided.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae colonization of kiwifruit flowers and methods to prevent infection

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Papers

Pathways of flower infection and pollen-mediated dispersion of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker.

Mitochondrial autophagy in the sleeping brain

Influence of cultural practices on the incidence and severity of kiwifruit bacterial canker

Influence of cultural practices on the incidence and severity of kiwifruit bacterial canker

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae colonization of kiwifruit flowers and methods to prevent infection