With the emergence of IoT, new communication technologies have been proposed to cope with the IoT large scale, and the ”things” constraints in terms of power and processing resources. One of these technologies is LoRaWAN, which aims at providing very-long-range transmission with low power consumption. However, this technology suffers from several security and privacy vulnerabilities that could compromise availability, authentication, and privacy. In fact, security and privacy are major concerns in any IoT network. Consequently, effective countermeasures are highly needed to enable LoRaWAN’s wide adoption in the IoT domain. In this paper, we review the LoRaWAN architecture, applications, and security concerns. In addition, we list several possible countermeasures to address the existing LoRaWAN vulnerabilities and thus, to prevent the related attacks.

LoRaWAN security survey: Issues, threats and possible mitigation techniques

The New Urban Agenda (Agenda 2030) adopted at the United Nations Conference related to Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) in the year 2016 has the goal of prompting cities to achieve the identified Sustainable Development Goals by the year 2030. In this context, cities can experiment strategies of circular economy for the optimization of resources, waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. The data generated by the components of an Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem can contribute in two relevant ways to a smart city model: (1) by the generation of a circular economy and (2) by the creation of intelligence to improve the decision-making processes by citizens or city managers. In this context, it is in our interest to understand the most relevant axes of the research related to IoT, particularly those based on the LoRa technology. LoRa has attracted the interest of researchers because it is an open standard and contributes to the development of sustainable smart cities, since they are linked to the concepts of a circular economy. Additionally, the intention of this work is to identify the technological or practical barriers that hamper the development of solutions, find possible future trends that could exist in the context of smart cities and IoT, and understand how they could be exploited by the industry and academy.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/22/4753/pdf

A Comprehensive Study of the Use of LoRa in the Development of Smart Cities

This article provides a survey on the adoption of LoRa in the agricultural field and reviews state-of-the-art solutions for smart agriculture, analyzing the potential of this technology in different infield applications. In particular, we consider four reference scenarios, namely, irrigation systems, plantation and crop monitoring, tree monitoring, and livestock monitoring, which exhibit heterogeneous requirements in terms of network bandwidth, density, sensors’ complexity, and energy demand, as well as latency in the decision process. We discuss how LoRa-based solutions can work in these scenarios, analyzing their scalability, interoperability, network architecture, and energy efficiency. Finally, we present possible future research directions and point out some open issues which might become the main research trends for the next years. 

/pdf/a-survey-on-lora-for-smart-agriculture-current-trends-and-2look8md.pdf

A Survey on LoRa for Smart Agriculture: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

The term Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged in recent decades because this network revolutionizes almost every aspect of our daily life, including products such as smartphones and intelligent vehicles, and crucial tasks such as precision agriculture and environmental monitoring. Myriads of communication technologies have been developed to fulfill the two main features of the IoT: long-range transmissions and low power consumption. Long-range (LoRa) has become one of the vital parts of IoT communication. In this study, the real-time deployments of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based LoRa communication network are systematically reviewed, with a focus on the communication setup and its reported performance. Importantly, the UAV-based LoRa communication network has a low bit rate connectivity to ensure the high reliability of connections, especially in applications that require long transmission ranges. This study provides recommendations for researchers on what research perspectives need to be explored when implementing UAVs for IoT-based LoRa communication. This study also describes publication trends related to UAV-based LoRa communication networks. A supplementary Excel file that contains the reported publications on UAV-based LoRa communication networks is included to show this publication trend.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-real-time-deployments-of-uav-based-1ojdjge23s.pdf

A Systematic Review of Real-Time Deployments of UAV-Based LoRa Communication Network

This article provides a survey on the adoption of LoRa in the agricultural field and reviews state-of-the-art solutions for smart agriculture, analyzing the potential of this technology in different infield applications. In particular, we consider four reference scenarios, namely, irrigation systems, plantation and crop monitoring, tree monitoring, and livestock monitoring, which exhibit heterogeneous requirements in terms of network bandwidth, density, sensors’ complexity, and energy demand, as well as latency in the decision process. We discuss how LoRa-based solutions can work in these scenarios, analyzing their scalability, interoperability, network architecture, and energy efficiency. Finally, we present possible future research directions and point out some open issues which might become the main research trends for the next years.

The technology of the Internet of Things(IoT) has flourished in various industries and market around the world. The agricultural environment is one of the areas to benefit from IoT technologies. LoRa is one of the most used network radios in the IoT network technology infrastructure. LoRa is often used in agricultural IoT not only for its long-range but also due to very low power usage and significant cost advantage. This paper provides a study of LoRa networks in IoT technology in an agricultural environment. The study has been conducted for between a LoRa gateway and multiple sensor nodes. Due to the radio propagation issues encountered with forestry and other types of agriculture, we used a small drone with a gateway mounted on its fuselage that collects sensor data from nodes on the ground to test the feasibility of this communications method. The scenario tested to figure out whether the gateway attached on a drone that hovers over farm field can gather data from nodes on the ground. The aim of this project is to help farmers get environmental data over the geographically large farm field, and also the locations where are difficult or dangerous for them to access. The research took in a place in a tree farm near Purdue University, Indiana.

Forestry Monitoring System using LoRa and Drone

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Forestry Monitoring System using LoRa and Drone