Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission

Anthelmintic resistance has a great impact on livestock production systems worldwide, is an emerging concern in companion animal medicine, and represents a threat to our ongoing ability to control human soil-transmitted helminths. The Consortium for Anthelmintic Resistance and Susceptibility (CARS) provides a forum for scientists to meet and discuss the latest developments in the search for molecular markers of anthelmintic resistance. Such markers are important for detecting drug resistant worm populations, and indicating the likely impact of the resistance on drug efficacy. The molecular basis of resistance is also important for understanding how anthelmintics work, and how drug resistant populations arise. Changes to target receptors, drug efflux and other biological processes can be involved. This paper reports on the CARS group meeting held in August 2013 in Perth, Australia. The latest knowledge on the development of molecular markers for resistance to each of the principal classes of anthelmintics is reviewed. The molecular basis of resistance is best understood for the benzimidazole group of compounds, and we examine recent work to translate this knowledge into useful diagnostics for field use. We examine recent candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to understanding anthelmintic resistance and identify markers. We also look at drug transporters in terms of providing both useful markers for resistance, as well as opportunities to overcome resistance through the targeting of the transporters themselves with inhibitors. Finally, we describe the tools available for the application of the newest high-throughput sequencing technologies to the study of anthelmintic resistance.

Recent advances in candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to the discovery of anthelmintic resistance markers and the description of drug/receptor interactions

Ivermectin: An Anthelmintic, an Insecticide, and Much More.

Trichuris vulpis, the dog whipworm, causes an intestinal parasitosis of relevance in current canine veterinary practice. Its occurrence is well-known in pets, kennelled dogs and stray animals, and its eggs contaminate the ground in urban areas all over the world. Moreover, T. vulpis has been occasionally incriminated, though not convincingly substantiated, as a cause of zoonosis. This nematode is erroneously considered an "old-fashioned" pathogen with a consequent lack of up- to- date knowledge on several aspects of the infection. These, in turn, are still controversial and need to be studied in greater depth. This article reviews current knowledge of T. vulpis, together with a discussion of critical points in epidemiology, zoonotic hazard, diagnosis and treatment of canine trichurosis.

/pdf/are-we-paying-too-much-attention-to-cardio-pulmonary-2lq56vv441.pdf

Are we paying too much attention to cardio-pulmonary nematodes and neglecting old-fashioned worms like Trichuris vulpis ?

Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics are the most important class of anthelmintics because of our high dependence on them for the control of nematode parasites and some ectoparasites in livestock, companion animals and in humans. However, resistance to MLs is of increasing concern. Resistance is commonplace throughout the world in nematode parasites of small ruminants and is of increasing concern in horses, cattle, dogs and other animals. It is suspected in Onchocerca volvulus in humans. In most animals, resistance first arose to the avermectins, such as ivermectin (IVM), and subsequently to moxidectin (MOX). Usually when parasite populations are ML-resistant, MOX is more effective than avermectins. MOX may have higher intrinsic potency against some parasites, especially filarial nematodes, than the avermectins. However, it clearly has a significantly different pharmacokinetic profile. It is highly distributed to lipid tissues, less likely to be removed by ABC efflux transporters, is poorly metabolized and has a long half-life. This results in effective concentrations persisting for longer in target hosts. It also has a high safety index. Limited data suggest that anthelmintic resistance may be overcome, at least temporarily, if a high concentration can be maintained at the site of the parasites for a prolonged period of time. Because of the properties of MOX, there are reasonable prospects that strains of parasites that are resistant to avermectins at currently recommended doses will be controlled by MOX if it can be administered at sufficiently high doses and in formulations that enhance its persistence in the host. This review examines the properties of MOX that support this contention and compares them with the properties of other MLs. The case for using MOX to better control ML-resistant parasites is summarised and some outstanding research questions are presented.

Perspectives on the utility of moxidectin for the control of parasitic nematodes in the face of developing anthelmintic resistance.

The population of the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) has been declining for the last decades in many European countries, including Poland The goal of this study was to determine the level of endoparasite infection among hares In 2007-2010, 83 animals were examined postmortem The animals were weighed and analysed according to age and sex During the dissection only the following nematodes were noticed: Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichuris leporis and Passalurus ambiguus in the intestinal tract and Protostrongylus pulmonalis in lungs Body mass of hares was analysed with a general linear model (GLM) with age, sex, and presence/ absence of nematode infection as factors The proportion of infected and uninfected hares with protozoan coccidia was compared with Fisher exact test for 2×2 contingency tables, whereas the proportion of nematode infection was compared by χ2 test There was a significant difference in the proportion of hares infected and not infected by coccidia with the higher proportion of infected juvenile individuals (P=0010), whereas there was no difference between males and females (P=041) The frequencies of hares infected vs not infected by nematodes did not differ between sex (χ2=189, P=0168) and age (χ2=00007, P=097) The mean body mass of all hares was 415 kg±040 kg GLM model conducted for body mass of hares showed that there was a significant difference only between juvenile and adult hares (F=24225, P=0000005) and no significant association between the level of endoparasite infection and sex

/pdf/endoparasites-of-european-brown-hare-lepus-europaeus-from-4uxph4fnns.pdf

Endoparasites of European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) from southern Poland based on necropsy.

Three parts of the large intestine, i.e. the dorsal and ventral colon, and caecum in 41 working horses from small farms in southern Poland were examined. Five species of large strongyles (3 migratory species from genus Strongylus and 2 non-migratory from genus Triodontophorus) and as well as 17 species of cyathostomes were revealed. The prevalence of large strongyles was observed, accordingly: Strongylus vulgaris--80.5%, S. equinus--9.8%, S. edentatus--4.9%, Triodontophorus serratus--19.5% and T. brevicauda--7.3%. Among cyathostomes, 5 most prevalent species were Cyathostomum catinatum--31.7%, Coronocyclus coronatus--31.7%, Cylicostephanus calicatus--24.4%, Cylicocyclus nassatus--24.4% and C. ashworthi--19.5%. The highest prevalence of S. vulgaris among all Strongylidae isolated specimens suggests that the infection with this parasite should be taken into account in the diagnosis of colics in working horses kept in the small farming system.

Occurrence of strongyles (Strongylidae) in horses from small farms on the basis of necropsy.

A coprologic examination of dogs in Cracow's Shelter for Stray Animals, carried out between January and November 1999-2000 showed that the dogs were infected with Toxocara canis from 2.4% to 16.2%. The puppies were more infected that adult dogs: 30-72.7% and 3,3-12.2% respectively. The females are also more infected than males: 6.3-15.2% and 4.8-18.2% respectively.

[Toxocara canis infection in dogs in Cracow's Shelter for Stray Animals].

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Endoparasites of European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) from southern Poland based on necropsy.

Occurrence of strongyles (Strongylidae) in horses from small farms on the basis of necropsy.

[Toxocara canis infection in dogs in Cracow's Shelter for Stray Animals].