Carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CAR) are two major diterpenes of the rosemary plant (Rosmarinus officinalis). They possess a phenolic structural moiety and are endowed with the power to remove cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) either through direct scavenging reaction or indirectly through upregulation of antioxidant defences. Hand in hand with these activities are their multiple biological effects and therapeutic potential orchestrated through modulating various signalling pathways of inflammation, including the NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2, SIRT1, STAT3 and NLRP3 inflammasomes, among others. Consequently, they ameliorate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6), adhesion molecules, chemokines and prostaglandins. These anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action as a therapeutic link to various effects of these compounds, as in many other natural products, are scrutinised.

/pdf/anti-inflammatory-therapeutic-mechanisms-of-natural-products-2qj80tt0.pdf

Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol

Structural characterization and anti-osteoporosis effects of polysaccharide purified from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver cortex based on its modulation on bone metabolism.

T helper (Th) cells have received extensive attention owing to their indispensable roles in anti-tumor immune responses. Th1 and Th2 cells are two key subsets of Th cells that exist in relative equilibrium through the secretion of cytokines that suppress their respective immune response. When the type of cytokine in the tumor microenvironment is altered, this equilibrium may be disrupted, leading to a shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response. Th1/Th2 imbalance is one of the decisive factors in the development of malignant tumors. Therefore, focusing on the balance of Th1/Th2 anti-tumor immune responses may enable future breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy. Polysaccharides can regulate the imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cells and their characteristic cytokine profiles, thereby improving the tumor immune microenvironment. To our knowledge, this study is the most comprehensive assessment of the regulation of the tumor Th1/Th2 balance by polysaccharides. Herein, we systematically summarized the intrinsic molecular mechanisms of polysaccharides in the regulation of Th1 and Th2 cells to provide a new perspective and potential target drugs for improved anti-tumor immunity and delayed tumor progression. 

Polysaccharides regulate Th1/Th2 balance: A new strategy for tumor immunotherapy.

Structure and hepatoprotective activity of Usp10/NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway-related Morchella esculenta polysaccharide.

The use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds has been increasing because it is a good alternative to the conventional extraction methods. UAE was used to maximize total polyphenol content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the mushroom Inonotus hispidus using response surface methodology (RSM). Firstly, the effect of 40% (v/v) ethanol and 80% (v/v) methanol on the TPC, DPPH scavenging capacity, and FRAP was evaluated. The ethanolic extracts showed a significantly higher (p < 0.0001) TPC, DPPH scavenging capacity, and FRAP than the methanolic extracts. The best condition to produce an extract with the higher TPC and antioxidant activity was achieved when using 40% (v/v) ethanol, a ratio of 75 mL/g, and an extraction time of 20 min. The chromatographic profile of the extract obtained in the optimized condition revealed that hispidin is the main polyphenol present in the extracts of I. hispidus, representing, together with hispidin-like compounds, the majority of the phenolic compounds (159.56 µg/g DW out of 219.01 µg/g DW). The model allowed us to optimize the conditions to maximize the extraction of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity from I. hispidus, demonstrating its potential as a source of antioxidant compounds, with possible industrial, pharmaceutical, and food applications. 

/pdf/optimization-of-phenolic-compounds-extraction-and-1rvb8d1k.pdf

Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Inonotus hispidus Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technology

The involvement of Th1 cell differentiation in the anti-tumor effect of purified polysaccharide from Sanghuangporus vaninii in colorectal cancer via multi-omics analysis.

The involvement of gut microbiota in the anti-tumor effect of carnosic acid via IL-17 suppression in colorectal cancer.

Inonotus hispidus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst. spore powder (IHS) contains polyphenols and triterpenoids with pharmacological effects. Here, we analyzed its composition, and we investigated the effects of IHS on colorectal cancer (CRC) in B6/JGpt-Apcem1Cin(min)/Gpt (ApcMin/+) mice and its potential mechanisms by analyzing gut microbiota and serum metabolomics. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and Western blotting were used to confirm the changes in the cytokine and protein levels associated with IHS administration. The IHS affected the abundance of gut microbiota and the level of L-arginine (L-Arg). Furthermore, the IHS influenced T cells in ApcMin/+ mice by increasing the interleukin (IL)-2 and decreasing the IL-5, -6, and -10 levels, thus suppressing tumor development. Overall, IHS showed anti-CRC properties in ApcMin/+ mice by affecting the gut microbiota and serum metabolites, which in turn affected the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling, and regulated the abundance of CD8+ T cells. These results provide experimental support for the potential future treatment of CRC with IHS.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/16/3299/pdf?version=1660807814

Anti-Colorectal Cancer Effects of Inonotus hispidus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst. Spore Powder through Regulation of Gut Microbiota-Mediated JAK/STAT Signaling

Neuroprotective effects of curculigoside against Alzheimer’s disease via regulation oxidative stress mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in L-Glu-exposed HT22 cells and APP/PS1 mice

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The involvement of Th1 cell differentiation in the anti-tumor effect of purified polysaccharide from Sanghuangporus vaninii in colorectal cancer via multi-omics analysis.

The involvement of gut microbiota in the anti-tumor effect of carnosic acid via IL-17 suppression in colorectal cancer.

Anti-Colorectal Cancer Effects of Inonotus hispidus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst. Spore Powder through Regulation of Gut Microbiota-Mediated JAK/STAT Signaling

Neuroprotective effects of curculigoside against Alzheimer’s disease via regulation oxidative stress mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in L-Glu-exposed HT22 cells and APP/PS1 mice