The present study investigates the bioactive properties of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Inonotus obliquus (EAEIO), sourced from the Chaga mushroom. Traditionally used in medicine, this mushroom is increasingly recognized for its potent antimicrobial and anticancer benefits. Our analysis sought to explore the impact of EAEIO on four diverse bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Bacillus cereus EMCC1080, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC10145, and Listeria monocytogenes NCTC7973, employing the disc diffusion method. We also investigated the potential cytotoxic effect of EAEIO on MCF7 breast cancer cells, HCT16 colon cells, and normal BHK cells using the MTT assay. Our results underscore the effective antimicrobial properties of EAEIO, evidenced by inhibition zones between 16 mm to 28 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 6.25 µg/mL to 1.563 µg/mL. In addition, the EAEIO demonstrated remarkable anticancer activity against MCF7 and HCT16 cell lines, with IC50 values of 7.56 µg/mL and 11.2 µg/mL, respectively. To conclude, EAEIO - the Ethyl Acetate Extract of the Chaga mushroom, exhibited significant antimicrobial and anticancer properties while showing no toxic effect on BHK cells. These observations suggest EAEIO's potential as a valuable natural resource for antimicrobial and anticancer treatments. However, further research is essential to verify the safety and efficacy of EAEIO in cancer and infectious disease management.

/pdf/chaga-mushroom-extract-as-a-dual-action-agent-against-2qnakacw.pdf

Chaga Mushroom Extract as a Dual-Action Agent against Microbial and Cancerous Cells: An In Vitro Study

Edible fungi, commonly known as mushrooms, are precious medicinal and edible homologous gifts from nature to us. Edible fungal polysaccharides (EFPs) are a variety of bioactive macromolecular which isolated from fruiting bodies, mycelia or fermentation broths of edible or medicinal fungus. Increasing researches have confirmed that EFPs possess multiple biological activities both in vitro and in vivo settings, including antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and regulating intestinal flora activities. As a result, they have emerged as a prominent focus in the healthcare, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Fungal EFPs have safe, non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties with low immunogenicity, bioadhesion ability, and antibacterial activities, presenting diverse potential applications in the food industries, cosmetic, biomedical, packaging, and new materials. Moreover, varying raw materials, extraction, purification, chemical modification methods, and culture conditions can result in variances in the structure and biological activities of EFPs. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensively and systematically organized information on the structure, modification, biological activities, and potential applications of EFPs to support their therapeutic effects and health functions. This review provides new insights and a theoretical basis for prospective investigations and advancements in EFPs in fields such as medicine, food, and new materials. 

The function and application of edible fungal polysaccharides.

Medicinal mushrooms, such as Taiwanofungus camphoratus, Inonotus obliquus, and Tropicoporus linteus, have been used in traditional medicine for therapeutic purposes and promotion of overall health in China and many East Asian countries for centuries. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated the large amounts of bioactive constituents (such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds) available in these medicinal mushrooms and their potential therapeutic properties. Due to the rising demand for the health-promoting medicinal mushrooms, various cultivation methods have been explored to combat over-harvesting of the fungi. Evidence of the robust pharmacological properties, including their anticancer, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiviral activities, have been provided in various studies, where the health-benefiting properties of the medicinal fungi have been further proven through numerous clinical trials. In this review, the cultivation methods, available bioactive constituents, therapeutic properties, and potential uses of T. camphoratus, I. obliquus and T. linteus are explored. 

A review on the cultivation, bioactive compounds, health-promoting factors and clinical trials of medicinal mushrooms Taiwanofungus camphoratus, Inonotus obliquus and Tropicoporus linteus

Intestinal tract is the largest immune system of human body. Gut microbiota (GM) can produce a large number of metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, which regulate the physiological health of the host and affect the development of disease. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) polysaccharides have attracted extensive attention with multiple biological activities and low toxicity. TCM polysaccharides can promote the growth of intestinal beneficial bacteria and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria by regulating the structure and function of GM, thus playing a crucial role in preventing or treating chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), liver diseases, cancer, etc. In this paper, the research progress of TCM polysaccharides in the treatment of chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, T2DM, liver diseases, cancer, etc. by modulating GM was reviewed. Meanwhile, this review makes an in-depth discussion on the shortcomings of the research of TCM polysaccharides on chronic diseases by modulating GM, and new valuable prospection for the future researches of TCM polysaccharides are proposed, which will provide new ideas for the further study of TCM polysaccharides. 

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides on chronic diseases by modulating gut microbiota: A review

Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides prevent UVB-induced skin photodamage by modulating Sirt3-activated Foxo3a/PINK1-Parkin pathway: an in vitro and in vivo study

Polysaccharide from fermented mycelium of Inonotus obliquus attenuates the ulcerative colitis and adjusts the gut microbiota in mice.

The HCN channel family comprises of four members (HCN1-4) expressed in the heart and nervous system. The current produced by HCN channels is known as I-h (or I-f or I-q). I-h has also been designated as pacemaker current because it plays a key role in controlling rhythmic activity of cardiac pacemaker cells and spontaneously firing neurons [1]. The diversity of functions that HCN channels perform is partly attributable to differences in their subcellular localization [2]. HCN channels are highly regulated proteins, which respond to different cellular stimuli, they open at hyperpolarizingpotential, carrymixed Na/K current, and are regulated by cyclic nucleotides [3]. These channels play important roles in modulating cellular excitability, rhythmic activity, dendritic integration, and synaptic transmission. HCN channel functions range from setting resting potential, synaptic normalization, gain control, after-hyperpolarization, setting responses in dendrites, mediating cannabinoid role in neuronal plasticity, to the gating of plasticity [4]. These functions have been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain, and multiple subtypes of epilepsy [4,5. Among the four known isoforms, HCN1 is the most expressed in the neocortex and hippocampus. Some studies suggest that coordinated changes in protein expression and surface expression of HCN1 serve as the key regulatory mechanisms controlling the function of the endogenous HCN1 protein in cortical neurons [6]. HCN1 might be involved in reduced vagal modulation and possibly in increased cardiac mortality in schizophrenia patients [7]. HCN2 ion channel activity plays a crucial role in the progress of peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). Some studies suggest that HCN2 contributes to the development of neuropathic pain by inducing spinal LTP via activation of NMDA receptor-mediated CaMKII signaling, decreased HCN2 channel expression attenuates neuropathic pain by inhibiting pro-inflammatory reactions and NF-kappa B activation[8,9] Like all other HCNs, hHCN3 was inhibited rapidly and reversibly by extracellular cesium and slowly and irreversibly by extracellular applied ZD7288. The human channel was not modulated by intracellular cAMP, a hallmark of the other known HCN channels so the missing response to cAMP distinguishes human HCN3 from both the well cAMP responding HCN subtypes 2 and 4 and the weak responding subtype 1[10]. Upregulation of HCN3 channels in IGL neurons is essential for intrinsic excitability and rhythmic burst firing, and PIP2 serves as a powerful modulator of I-h-dependent properties via an effect on HCN3 channel gating[11]. HCN4 is expressed in brain regions relevant to mood and anxiety disorders including specific thalamic nuclei, the basolateral amygdala, and the midbrain dopamine system[12].

Bibliometric analysis of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN)channels research (2004-2020)

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Polysaccharide from fermented mycelium of Inonotus obliquus attenuates the ulcerative colitis and adjusts the gut microbiota in mice.

Bibliometric analysis of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN)channels research (2004-2020)