Background. Anemia affects the lives of more than 2 billion people globally, accounting for over 30% of the world's population. Anemia is a global public health problem occurring at all stages of the life cycle but the burden of the problem is higher in pregnant women particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in north western zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Methods. A facility based cross-sectional study was employed. A systematic random sampling procedure was employed to select 714 pregnant women who were attending antenatal clinics in health facilities found in the study area from April to May 2014. The data was entered and analyzed using Epi-info version 3.5.1 and SPSS version 20.0 statistical software, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with anemia among the study participants. All tests were two-sided and p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL) among the pregnant women was 36.1% (95% CI = 32.7%-39.7%) of which 58.5% were mildly, 35.7% moderately, and 5.8% severely anemic. In pregnant women, rural residence (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.01-3.04), no education/being illiterate (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.03-2.37), absence of iron supplementation during pregnancy (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.92-5.37), and meal frequency of less than two times per day (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.06-4.91) were the independent predictors for increased anemia among the pregnant women. Conclusions. Anemia was found to be moderate public health problem in the study area. Residence, educational status, iron supplementation during pregnancy, and meal frequency per day were statistically associated with anemia among the pregnant women. Awareness creation and nutrition education on the importance of taking iron supplementation and nutritional counseling on consumption of extra meal and iron-rich foods during pregnancy are recommended to prevent anemia in the pregnant women.

/pdf/prevalence-of-anemia-and-associated-factors-among-pregnant-5c26nzzv2x.pdf

Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in North Western Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/46/3/319.1.full.pdf

Maternal Mortality: a Global Factbook

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101004

Sleep quality and associated factors among undergraduate medical students during Covid-19 confinement

Objectives This objective of the study was to report the prevalence of internet addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress in undergraduate medical students. Methods A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 221 undergraduate medical students at Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Data pertaining to internet addiction, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms were also collected using validated and reliable questionnaires (Young Internet Addiction Test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21). Results The prevalence of poor sleep quality, severe anxiety, and severe depression was 33.9%, 7.3% and 3.6%, respectively. The place of residence was significantly associated (p = 0.006) with internet addiction. The mean Young Internet Addiction Test score was higher in students residing in hostels compared with students staying with families. Stress was associated with age. The mean stress score was higher in the age group 17-20 compared with the 21-24 age group. Stress and depression were independent predictors of sleep quality. Conclusion Quality sleep is the key for good health. Based on limited samples, this study showed that poor sleep quality was associated with stress and depression. Hence, continuous counselling is suggested for supporting students managing their stress and depression.

https://ophrp.org/upload/pdf/ophrp-11-303.pdf

Prevalence of Internet Addiction, Poor Sleep Quality, and Depressive Symptoms Among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Gabon carries a high burden of both tuberculosis (TB) and smoking. This study examines the disease characteristics of smoking pulmonary TB patients in Lambarene. We interviewed adult pulmonary TB patients in Lambarene, between March 2016 and April 2019. Clinical and biological patient characteristics were collected. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess factors associated with smoking. The mean age of patients included was 31 years (±13). The proportion of smokers in our study was 30% (89/295). Smoking was significantly associated with patient-related diagnostic delay (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 8.18; 95% CI = 3.67-19.56), a higher number of pulmonary TB signs and symptoms (AOR = 2.74; 95% CI = 1.18-6.73), and a higher sputum mycobacterial load (AOR = 3.18; 95% CI = 1.33-8.11). The prevalence of smoking among TB patients is high, and leading to aggravated disease as compared with controls. Our study findings suggest that smoking patients should be regularly screened for TB, to reduce diagnostic delay and TB transmission within community. Smoking cessation activities should be included in the national TB control program in Gabon.

Epidemiological, Mycobacteriological, and Clinical Characteristics of Smoking Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients, in Lambaréné, Gabon: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Anemia is the commonest nutritional problem among pregnant women. It is more common in developing countries because of varied socio-cultural problems. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of worm infestation and anaemia among pregnant women along with their socio-demographic characteristics, dietary habits and state of personal hygiene and elicit the association, if any, with anemia and worm infestation Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among pregnant mothers attending the antenatal clinic at Nasibpur Union Health Center. All antenatal mothers who came for antenatal checkup for the first time to the health centre on two prefixed days of the week during the study period were interviewed. The reports of their stool and haemoglobin examination were followed up. Results: 82% of the pregnant women were suffering from anemia.25% of the study population had worm infestation. Age at marriage, green leafy vegetable, fruit and flesh food intake of at least 4 days a week, use of lemon with food most of the time, avoiding the practice of eating last in the family, handwashing with soap and water before eating and use of footwear outside the house were statically significant with hemoglobin concentration. Only religion and handwashing practice with soap and water before eating had statistically significant association with worm infestation. Conclusion: The study showed that certain protective factors like diet and personal hygiene if addressed at the time of antenatal checkup can reduce the number of cases of anemia significantly.

Correlates of Anaemia and Worm Infestation among Rural Pregnant Women: A Cross Sectional Study from Bengal -

We extend an earlier work of Tosa to include the e8'ects of inhomogeneity in the cosmological evolution in Kaluza-Klein spacetime with a cosmological constant. It is observed that the presence of inhomogeneity drastically changes the evolutionary scenario such that our 6ve-dimensional spacetime admits inflation in three-space and dimensional reduction of the extra space. This result is at variance with an earlier conclusion of Tosa for homogeneous models that only a negative cosmological constant with more than one extra spatial dimension can provide inflation of three-space and a small size of the extra one. The model also seems to suggest an alternative mechanism pointing to a smooth transition from a primordial, multidimensional inhomogeneous phase to a four-dimensional homogeneous one.

Inhomogeneous model with a cosmological constant.

Introduction: The total number of people living with HIV/AIDS in India is estimated at 21 lakh in 2011. Now India is on track to achieve the global targets of ‘Zero New Infections, Zero AIDS-related deaths& Zero discrimination.’ The modes of transmission HIV is known and is largely preventable, but due to lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS in general population makes it’s rapid spread in India. So understanding about the knowledge about HIV/AIDS in general populations will help in formulating strategy for prevention and treatment. Objective: to assess the knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the people attending general OPD in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata. Methods: An Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 576 patients attending the General OPDin a tertiary care hospital of Kolkata from February 2013- April 2013 using a predesigned pretested schedule. Results: 100 percent of the study population had heard about HIV/AIDS; more than 90 percent reported that unsafe sex, infected needle sharing, and contaminated blood transfusion were possible ways of transmission. Misconceptions regarding the transmission of were found among more than 25 percent the respondents. More than 70 percent of the participants were aware of various possible correct preventive measures. Electronic media was the main source of information. More than 40 percent respondents knew the major high risk groups. Conclusion: These study results can be useful in directing future efforts at creating awareness about HIV/AIDS.

http://www.njcmindia.org/home/download/518

Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among Patients Attending General Out Patient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata -

Introduction: Globally the Lifetime prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among adolescents and young adults are estimated to range from 5% to 70%.
Objectives: To find out the prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Nursing students of a tertiary care teaching institution of Kolkata.
Methods: An Institution based observational descriptive cross sectional study was carried out at School of Nursing of a tertiary care Government teaching hospital of Kolkata from April 2016 to May among 129 students using DASS 21 point scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 using percentages.
Results: About 33.33% of the students suffered from moderate to extreme depression; 56.59% had moderate to extreme levels anxiety and 23.26% experienced moderate to extreme levels of stress.
Conclusions: Results of this study will help to better understanding of stress, anxiety and depression among nursing students so as to assist them to promote the quality of clinical practice. 

Keywords: Nursing students, Depression, Anxiety, Stress

/pdf/depression-anxiety-stress-among-nursing-students-of-kolkata-4q2iwdp1ud.pdf

Depression, Anxiety, Stress among nursing students of Kolkata: a cross sectional study

AbstractGlaucoma is an eye related condition, which mainly occurs due to the damage to the optic nerve, that connects the eye to our brain. Unfortunately, the damage due to glaucoma is irreversible and it is usually with high pressure in the eye. There are different types of glaucoma. Some are primary there is no other eye condition involved and it can be open-angle or closed-angle. Some are secondary glaucoma because of other eye conditions like inflammation in the eye or previous surgeries etc. But in general, most of the glaucoma patients have no symptoms. Glaucoma detection become a very popular field of study and research. Different approaches are being used by different researchers in Glaucoma classification and detection. In this chapter, we have taken a handwritten dataset from Kaggle which consists of the glaucomatous eye and healthy normal eye. We have applied VGG19, Xception which is a CNN architecture to achieve the model’s performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and F1 score. This research outcome will help in the early diagnosis of Glaucoma disease in healthcare industry.KeywordsGlaucomaConvolutional Neural Network (CNN)VGG16XceptionResNet50DenseNetMobileNet 

Prediction of Glaucoma Using Deep Learning Based Approaches

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