Ensuring food security has been one of the major national priorities of Bangladesh since its independence in 1971. Now, this national priority is facing new challenges from the possible impacts of climate change in addition to the already existing threats from rapid population growth, declining availability of cultivable land, and inadequate access to water in the dry season. In this backdrop, this paper has examined the nature and magnitude of these threats for the benchmark years of 2030 and 2050. It has been shown that the overall impact of climate change on the production of food grains in Bangladesh would probably be small in 2030. This is due to the strong positive impact of CO2 fertilization that would compensate for the negative impacts of higher temperature and sea level rise. In 2050, the negative impacts of climate change might become noticeable: production of rice and wheat might drop by 8% and 32%, respectively. However, rice would be less affected by climate change compared to wheat, which is more sensitive to a change in temperature. Based on the population projections and analysis of future agronomic innovations, this study further shows that the availability of cultivable land alone would not be a constraint for achieving food self-sufficiency, provided that the productivity of rice and wheat grows at a rate of 10% or more per decade. However, the situation would be more critical in terms of water availability. If the dry season water availability does not decline from the 1990 level of about 100 Bm3, there would be just enough water in 2030 for meeting both the agricultural and nonagricultural needs. In 2050, the demand for irrigation water to maintain food self-sufficiency would be about 40% to 50% of the dry season water availability. Meeting such a high agricultural water demand might cause significant negative impacts on the domestic and commercial water supply, fisheries, ecosystems, navigation, and salinity management.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1307/6/51/512001/pdf

Food security in the face of climate change, population growth and resource constraints

Bangladesh is highly disaster-prone, with drought being a major hazard which significantly impacts water, food, health, livelihoods, and migration. In seeking to reduce drought vulnerabilities and impacts while improving responses, existing literature pays limited attention to community-level views and actions. This paper aims to contribute to filling in this gap by examining how an indigenous group, the Santal in Bangladesh’s northwest, responds to drought through local strategies related to water, food, and migration which in turn impact health and livelihoods. A combination of quantitative data through a household survey and qualitative data through participatory rural appraisal is used. The results suggest that the Santal people have developed and applied varied mechanisms for themselves to respond to drought. The categories of responses found are water collection and storage, crop and livestock selection, and migration. These responses might not be enough to deal with continuing droughts, yielding lessons for Bangladesh and beyond.

Indigenous people's responses to drought in northwest Bangladesh.

Different governments and international organizations have shown interest in agroecology as a promising pathway for transition to sustainable agriculture. However, the kinds of innovation needed for agro-ecological transition are subject to intense debate. The scale of this debate is itself an indicator of the complicated relation between innovation and sustainability in the agro-food arena and beyond. This review paper analyses the potential of agro-ecology in agricultural sustainability transitions. It also explores whether agro-ecological transition is a sustainable innovation (cf. ecological, green, open, social, responsible). Furthermore, the paper investigates the potential contribution of agro-ecological transition to sustainability, using the 3-D (Direction, Distribution and Diversity) model of the STEPS centre. Agroecology is one of the few approaches that can harmoniously combine innovation and sustainability in agriculture while promoting genuine transition to agro-food sustainability since it embraces all dimensions of sustainability (environmental, economic, social/cultural/ethical). Nevertheless, it can be taken for granted neither that all traditional practices can be classified as ‘agro-ecological’ nor that all farmer-led innovations can be included in the agro-ecological repertoire. Moreover, the relationship between the three aspirations of agroecology (science, movement and practice) needs further elaboration in order to maximise potential for agriculture transition.

/pdf/innovation-sustainability-nexus-in-agriculture-transition-wmn2dz4bnt.pdf

Innovation-Sustainability Nexus in Agriculture Transition: Case of Agroecology

Natural desalting in saline land with shallow groundwater and high evaporation is proceeding slowly. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of straw mulching on desalinizati...

Leaching effectiveness of desalinization by rainfall combined with wheat straw mulching on heavy saline soil

This thesis sheds light on the economic aspects of agricultural technological progress in meeting the challenges of sustainable food security in rural Bangladesh. The key question at the heart of this research is to explore how Bangladesh could increase its food production in a sustainable manner to feed its ever increasing population in the long run, despite facing increased natural resource constraints and increasing climate variability. One well demonstrated method by which to increase food production using fewer resources is to increase the productivity of factors of production. The impact or relationship between productivity and long-run sustainable output growth can be captured or measured with the growth accounting framework pioneered by Solow (1956, 1957). 

This thesis concentrates particularly upon household level crop productivity by empirically estimating medium term growth in eight different regions of Bangladesh. This is because statistical research conducted from a macro perspective on growth accounting will never be able to offer a complete account of the growth process, but case studies based on field surveys can provide an important (or perhaps a deeper) complementary understanding of agricultural productivity. 

The findings of this study, using secondary source-based data, show a very low level of average total factor productivity (TFP) growth, of only 0.24 per cent per year between the 2009-2014 period. In addition, empirical results of TFP growth in diverse regions of Bangladesh show considerable variation, ranging from on an average 0.38 to 0.14 per cent per annum during the same period. In addition, a combination of primary and secondary source-based TFP growth analysis shows TFP grew at an average of 0.46 per cent per annum in the Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during 2009 to 2015. This relatively impressive performance sets a benchmark target for other regions. Although achieving similar TFP growth levels across the regions may be difficult mainly due to environmental differences, minimizing the TFP growth gap through appropriate policy initiatives will make a valuable contribution to food security in Bangladesh. 

Overall, the findings in this thesis suggest that agricultural output growth in all the study areas are technology or TFP driven, including sustainable food production.

Agricultural productivity and domestic food availability in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is considered one of the countries most likely to be affected by negative impacts of climate change. Indeed, a wide range of climate-induced threats endangers national food security. Furthermore, the peculiar environmental characteristics of Bangladesh make it particularly difficult to design and implement comprehensive policies to support agricultural development. At present, national policy-makers need to plan adequate strategies to ensure food security for the growing population while facing biophysical constraints and new challenges (e.g. climate change) that may jeopardize their efforts. Some scientists call for a second Green Revolution (GR) to reach this goal, even though the net effects of the first GR in Bangladesh are still widely debated. The article analyses the practicability of a second GR in Bangladesh by combining a quantitative analysis of the past dynamics of national rice production and a qualitative assessment of key sectorial issues with local stakeholders. The study conclu...

Green revolution impacts in Bangladesh: exploring adaptation pathways for enhancing national food security

In the last few decades, characterized by intense environmental, landscape and socio-economic-financial changes, unexpected issues concerning the primary sector are arising and asks to researchers an urgent and deep reformulation both of the conceptual and technological tools used in the applied research. The concept of innovation is now radically changed, starting from a prevailing formula of linear top-down technology transfer, which has characterized the green revolution of the 1960s, to nowadays approach characterized by the innovation of a complex system, aimed at creating sustainable and shared opportunities through economic and institutional development. Those who now work in public or private bodies oriented to research for innovation are struggling to maintain their specific study area, but within integrated schemes where technical and scientific aspects are in interaction with organizational, institutional and political issues. Innovation can tackle several issues: new products, new technologies, new markets, new procedures (institutions) and new policies. The series of scientific and conceptual tools framed into the Agro-ecology domain seems appropriate to plan development initiatives of which the primary objective is ensuring a sustainable management of all the resources involved in agricultural production processes, while promoting food security and sovereignty, as well as protecting the rural landscape. By studying a target agro-ecosystem it is possible to identify and characterize the relationships between both the internal components and the system structures and functions at different levels of complexity of plot, farm and country, without neglecting the interactions among scientific, technological and socio-economic factors, and ultimately tending towards a science aimed at conflict resolution. Given the challenges that agricultural development is going to face in the next decades, it is indeed essential to support the planning and implementation of sound agro-ecological policies through an appropriate set of advanced tools. Particularly, a key aspect to empower all the stakeholders involved in the research, development, dissemination and application of new methods and technologies is the identification of information and communication systems that farmers and policy makers need in order to cope with fast-changing conditions in a complex system. University and research centers can act as institutional facilitators of dialogue and development policies among different stakeholders, catalyzing participation and promoting participatory problem-solving strategies for agricultural development and cooperation.

/pdf/research-for-the-innovation-of-the-agri-food-system-in-3zlw17pcxa.pdf

Research for the innovation of the agri-food system in international cooperation

Geographic information is of key importance in promoting sustainable development in the rural and urban areas of the global South. Within the broader framework of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D), geographic information systems (GIS) include a wide range of tools used for landscape representation, including community produced paper maps, participatory mapping, and computer based systems. The prominent role of GIS in the global South is acknowledged by many scholars and institutions. This entry explores applications relevant to global development, such as crisis mapping and location based services, presents methodologies and approaches for the deployment of GIS in the global South and highlights the main sustainability issues.


Keywords:

crisis mapping;
community mapping;
GIS;
global development;
ICT4D;
location based services;
participatory GIS

Geographical Information Systems in the Global South

The growing complexity of electrical power grids is demanding increasingly innovative solutions to build more stable and secure grids, a trending that is particularly evident across the spectrum of industrialized countries. Such a need is also clear for emerging countries, wherein China has rapidly become a key development player whose technological solutions could have a pivotal impact on other infrastructure-hungry regions of the world (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa). This paper provides an overview of the smart grid transmogrification, via the state-of-the-practice application of proactive and responsive nodes - synchrophasors - within the U.S. power grid and presents a comparison with the efforts of other actors, such as China and Sub-Saharan African. Specifically, the potential advantages of the application of synchrophasors, as well as the issues challenging their application, are taken into account. As happens in ecological systems, value is created “by making connections,” and synchrophasors do indeed enable “collective intelligence,” “promote collaboration,” and well contribute towards scalability and sustainability - the realm of Digital Ecosystems.

Sensemaking and robust decision engineering: Synchrophasors and their application for a secure smart grid

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Green revolution impacts in Bangladesh: exploring adaptation pathways for enhancing national food security

Research for the innovation of the agri-food system in international cooperation

Geographical Information Systems in the Global South

Sensemaking and robust decision engineering: Synchrophasors and their application for a secure smart grid