The paper employs critical discourse analysis for a pragmatically-oriented exploration of several racist statements by a Polish Eurosceptic Member of the European Parliament (MEP), Janusz Korwin-Mikke. The original fragments in English or in Polish were extracted from a larger corpus containing all the plenary contributions of the MEP (2014–2018). They are com­pared with their interpretations into German and, respectively, either Polish or English. The qualitative analysis reveals that the approach to racist statements by interpreters is inconsistent, both across all the three language units and when the output of each is considered separately. In the analysed interpretations, there is evidence of preservation of the pragmatic effect, slight/radical mitigation, and strengthening. Slight mitigation seems to be the most popular option. The interpreters tended to tone down anthroponyms functioning as racial slurs and to omit implicit racism.

How much noise can you make through an interpreter?: A case study on racist discourse in the European Parliament

Eden od načinov interpretacije sistemov UI in s tem načinov sprejemanja, odzivanja in vstopanja v odnos z UI je, da jih človek dojema kot nekaj živega, animistično, oziroma kot nekaj, kar deluje po svoji volji, podobno, kot to počnemo ljudje, antropomorfno. V tem primeru UI pripisujemo lastnosti živih bitij, kot so sposobnost čutenja, razumevanja in namernega delovanja. Seveda se lahko vprašamo, ali je to tudi zares mogoče, vendar to vprašanje presega obseg tega prispevka. V članku se bom osredotočil na psihološke vidike vstopanja v odnose z UI skozi antropomorfno interpretacijo. Skozi pregled psiholoških raziskav na področju preučevanja animizma ter atribucij in teorij uma v povezavi s tehnološkimi sistemi in UI bom predstavil psihološko razumevanje namena, funkcije in sprožilcev antropomorfnih atribucij. Ukvarjal se bom s spoznanji o vplivih in posledicah tovrstne interpretacije UI na zaznavanje, čustvovanje, mišljenje ter delovanje ljudi. Po drugi strani je človek aktiven udeleženec v odnosu do tehnologije. Ker pa človek v interakcijo z UI vstopa na sebi lasten način, to je na osnovi grajenja socialnih odnosov, saj se z napravami pogovarja in jih poimenuje, me bodo zanimala tudi vprašanja v zvezi z motivi, potrebami t 

Socialni odnosi, animizem, antropomorfizem in interakcija z UI

This study explains how the leader-follower relationship and turn-taking could develop in a dyadic imitative interaction by conducting robotic simulation experiments based on the free energy principle. Our prior study showed that introducing a parameter during the model training phase can determine leader and follower roles for subsequent imitative interactions. The parameter is defined as w, the so-called meta-prior, and is a weighting factor used to regulate the complexity term versus the accuracy term when minimizing the free energy. This can be read as sensory attenuation, in which the robot’s prior beliefs about action are less sensitive to sensory evidence. The current extended study examines the possibility that the leader-follower relationship shifts depending on changes in w during the interaction phase. We identified a phase space structure with three distinct types of behavioral coordination using comprehensive simulation experiments with sweeps of w of both robots during the interaction. Ignoring behavior in which the robots follow their own intention was observed in the region in which both ws were set to large values. One robot leading, followed by the other robot was observed when one w was set larger and the other was set smaller. Spontaneous, random turn-taking between the leader and the follower was observed when both ws were set at smaller or intermediate values. Finally, we examined a case of slowly oscillating w in anti-phase between the two agents during the interaction. The simulation experiment resulted in turn-taking in which the leader-follower relationship switched during determined sequences, accompanied by periodic shifts of ws. An analysis using transfer entropy found that the direction of information flow between the two agents also shifted along with turn-taking. Herein, we discuss qualitative differences between random/spontaneous turn-taking and agreed-upon sequential turn-taking by reviewing both synthetic and empirical studies.

/pdf/turn-taking-mechanisms-in-imitative-interaction-robotic-2ri9i6cu.pdf

Turn-Taking Mechanisms in Imitative Interaction: Robotic Social Interaction Based on the Free Energy Principle

Interpreting nonmainstream ideology (Euroscepticism) in the European Parliament

The article offers a discourse-analytic examination of original (English) and interpreted (Polish) versions of several extracts from plenary speeches by three Members of the European Parliament (Janusz Korwin-Mikke, Nigel Farage and Guy Verhofstadt). Controversial statements that have met with adverse reactions of the audience and/or the media are selected for analysis. The author endeavours to assess the degree to which pragmatic equivalence has been achieved by Polish interpreters. Another pertinent question is whether the identifi ed shifts are due to some systemic differences between the pragmatics of the source and target languages or to other factors, such as the constraints typical for simultaneous interpreting or specifi c, local problems.

/pdf/pragmatic-equivalence-as-a-challenge-for-interpreters-of-4tc3f0xl3a.pdf

Pragmatic equivalence as a challenge for interpreters of political discourse

The present paper describes a corpus for research into the pragmatic nature of how information is expressed synchronously through language, speech, and gestures. The outlined research stems from the ‘growth point theory’ and ‘integrated systems hypothesis’, which proposes that co-speech gestures (including hand gestures, facial expressions, posture, and gazing) and speech originate from the same representation, but are not necessarily based solely on the speech production process; i.e. ‘speech affects what people produce in gesture and that gesture, in turn, affects what people produce in speech’ ([1]: 260). However, the majority of related multimodal corpuses ‘ground’ non-verbal behavior in linguistic concepts such as speech acts or dialog acts. In this work, we propose an integrated annotation scheme that enables us to study linguistic and paralinguistic interaction features independently and to interlink them over a shared timeline. To analyze multimodality in interaction, a high-quality multimodal corpus based on informal discourse in a multiparty setting was built.

Towards Pragmatic Understanding of Conversational Intent: A Multimodal Annotation Approach to Multiparty Informal Interaction – The EVA Corpus

Translation and interpreting are not only linguistic activities, but also to a large extent primarily activities of cultural transfer. Transcultural communication displays complexity, diversity and readiness for conflict in communicative interaction, so the interpreter/translator, as an intercultural mediator, is assigned a special communicative role in this regard. This article examines how interpreters at the European Parliament deal with controversial language rendering evaluative components of political statements as well as whether there is a rise in stress-related disfluencies in the interpretation of such statements and whether intonation (dis)similarities between the source text and the interpretations occur in the context of cultural and lexical know-how. Seven excerpts from four sessions of the European Parliament in the last six years and their interpretations into Croatian, Slovene, English, French and German were analysed from the point of view of stress and culture. Deviations in pitch and intensity levels of both the speaker and the interpreters were calculated and statistically compared in the light of differing cultural know-how. The intonation results for these interpreting examples showed that all the interpreters followed the speaker’s pitch deviations to a certain extent. Analysis of politically-controversial statements also revealed that more than 80% of the interpretations selected contained stress-related disfluencies and almost 70% contained some form of discrepancy with the source text at a lexical level. The interpretations therefore largely contained fewer negative evaluative components of controversial language than the speakers in the European Parliament.

Cultural and stress-related manifestations of political controversial language in the European Parliament from the view of interpreters

http://www.jbe-platform.com/deliver/fulltext/gest.20018.mla.pdf

Discourse markers in relation tonon-verbal behavior: How do speech and body language correlate?

Abstract This paper focuses on gaining new knowledge through observation, qualitative analytics, and cross-modal fusion of rich multi-layered conversational features expressed during multiparty discourse. The outlined research stems from the theory that speech and co-speech gestures originate from the same representation; however, the representation is not solely limited to the speech production process. Thus, the nature of how information is conveyed by synchronously fusing speech and gestures must be investigated in detail. Therefore, this paper introduces an integrated annotation scheme and methodology which opens the opportunity to study verbal (i.e., speech) and non-verbal (i.e., visual cues with a communicative intent) components independently, however, still interconnected over a common timeline. To analyse this interaction between linguistic, paralinguistic, and non-verbal components in multiparty discourse and to help improve natural language generation in embodied conversational agents, a high-quality multimodal corpus, consisting of several annotation layers spanning syntax, POS, dialogue acts, discourse markers, sentiment, emotions, non-verbal behaviour, and gesture units was built and is represented in detail. It is the first of its kind for the Slovenian language. Moreover, detailed case studies show the tendency of metadiscourse to coincide with non-verbal behaviour of non-propositional origin. The case analysis further highlights how the newly created conversational model and the corresponding information-rich consistent corpus can be exploited to deepen the understanding of multiparty discourse. 

/pdf/understanding-conversational-interaction-in-multiparty-2xsk5yhs.pdf

Understanding conversational interaction in multiparty conversations: the EVA Corpus

The present research explores non-verbal behavior that accompanies the management of turns in naturally occurring conversations. To analyze turn management, we implemented the ISO 24617-2 multidimensional dialog act annotation scheme. The classification of the communicative intent of non-verbal behavior was performed with the annotation scheme for spontaneous authentic communication called the EVA annotation scheme. Both dialog acts and non-verbal communicative intent were observed according to their underlying nature and information exchange channel. Both concepts were divided into foreground and background expressions. We hypothesize that turn management dialog acts, being a background expression, co-occur with communication regulators, a class of non-verbal communicative intent, which are also of background nature. Our case analysis confirms this hypothesis. Furthermore, it reveals that another group of non-verbal communicative intent, the deictics, also often accompany turn management dialog acts. As deictics can be both foreground and background expressions, the premise that background non-verbal communicative intent is interlinked with background dialog acts is upheld. And when deictics were perceived as part of the foreground they co-occurred with foreground dialog acts. Therefore, dialog acts and non-verbal communicative intent share the same underlying nature, which implies a duality of the two concepts.

/pdf/can-turn-taking-highlight-the-nature-of-non-verbal-behavior-5cypcj69qi.pdf

Can Turn-Taking Highlight the Nature of Non-Verbal Behavior: A Case Study

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