The European Union (EU) has promised to achieve net-zero emissions via carbon neutrality by 2050. The aim of this research is to evaluate carbon neutrality efficiencies on forest and agricultural lands in the EU. The study finds that carbon neutrality efficiency can be computed by a multiplication of carbon emissions efficiency, carbon sink efficiency, and the target of carbon neutrality. We further divide the EU countries into a green group with continuous carbon emission reduction, a gray group with a continuous carbon emission increase, and a mixed group without a continuous carbon emission reduction or increase. The findings are as follows. (i) Carbon neutrality management is less of a focus than carbon emission management. (ii) There is a trade-off relationship between forest carbon neutrality efficiency and agricultural land efficiency. (iii) Countries in the green group exhibit great heterogeneity in their GDP than those in the gray and mixed groups. (iv) The green group countries exhibit heterogeneous economic structures, and their carbon neutrality performance reflects the overall pattern observed in the EU. The EU aims for carbon neutrality by 2050. This study assesses the efficiency of forest and agricultural lands in achieving this goal, based on emissions efficiency, carbon sink efficiency, and the target. The EU is divided into three groups: green (emission reductions), gray (emission increases), and mixed (no clear trend). Findings show that carbon emission management is prioritized over carbon neutrality management, and there’s a trade-off between forest and agricultural land efficiency. The green group countries have more economic diversity, and their carbon neutrality performance mirrors the EU’s overall progress.

pdf/land-based-carbon-neutrality-efficiency-in-the-european-5h42kbqdczqs.pdf

Land-based carbon neutrality efficiency in the European Union

Abstract Purpose Carbon offsetting is one of the tools that companies can use to achieve their climate targets. The ability of a company to offset its emissions successfully depends on the availability and quality of guidance on the subject. This study explores how well existing offsetting guidelines equip corporations to achieve successful emissions offsetting. Methods Instructional criteria were developed and used to evaluate seven guidelines. The contents of each guideline were assessed based on how they instruct a company to achieve emissions offsetting that fulfills five criteria for appropriate offsetting: target affiliation, Paris compatibility, effectiveness, prioritizing removals, and transparency. Results and discussion The review revealed that necessary instructions enabling appropriate emissions offsetting were absent in the guidelines. Moreover, the degree of climate ambition and the role of offsetting varied between guidelines. Deficiencies in emissions offsetting guidance may increase the uncertainty of companies’ succeeding in offsetting their emissions. Conclusions Developing guidance on emissions offsetting could benefit society and corporations by increasing the certainty of achieving successful emissions offsetting. Standardizing corporate emissions offsetting could be considered as one solution for unifying the practice. The practical life-cycle implications of current ambiguity in guidelines are a direction for future research. 

/pdf/review-of-carbon-emissions-offsetting-guidelines-using-19h9r25d.pdf

Review of carbon emissions offsetting guidelines using instructional criteria

Do green financial and non-financial policies achieve the carbon neutrality target?

Organizations across the globe are devising novel approaches to strive for carbon neutrality. Global institutions have manifested the critical need to develop reasonable strategies in every sector to mitigate the impending issues of excessive anthropogenic carbon emission and, in consequence, climate change. World‑leading economies have initiated significant steps by developing zero‑carbon emission policies to monitor the escalating carbon emissions to curb global warming. The clothing industry has a substantial carbon footprint while causing environmental pollution. Based on transition management theory, this study aims to explore and evaluate the critical determinants that can assist in pursuing carbon neutrality in the clothing industry. A decision support system comprising an integrated voting analytical hierarchy process (VAHP) and Bayesian network (BN) method fulfills our purpose. Pertinent literature is reviewed to determine the critical determinants for carbon neutrality (CDs-CN). After that, the VAHP method is employed to prioritize the CDs-CN. Further, the influence of CDs-CN on achieving carbon neutrality is modeled using a BN, predicting the carbon neutrality index (CNI) for the clothing industry. The findings reveal that professional expertise, laws and certifications, technological acceptance, availability of decarbonizing methods, and adequate carbon offsetting are the essential CDs-CN. This research extends the existing knowledge on integrating MCDM-ML techniques to address predictive modelling-based problems involving complex structures. Simultaneously, the present study helps practitioners and policymakers understand the key CDs-CN to successfully build and manage a carbon-neutral clothing industry by adopting the suggested strategies. Finally, recommendations concerning sustainable development goals (SDGs) are provided to achieve carbon-neutral manufacturing supply chains. 

An integrated MCDM-ML approach for predicting the carbon neutrality index in manufacturing supply chains

Anthropogenic global warming (AGW) requires net-zero human greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to stabilize the climate. As achieving zero emissions is unrealistic, offsetting is necessary to achieve net-zero (emissions minus offsets). Organizations need to become carbon-neutral, both by reducing emissions and by removing atmospheric CO2. However, much of the language used in discourse surrounding carbon-neutrality and net-zero is vague; more rigorous definitions are required. Currently, emissions are “neutralized” through “deemed offsets,” which can include GHG sinks, reductions, and allowance schemes. Metrics are employed to determine offsetting amounts. We extend current practice using a “do no harm” principle to better account for different GHGs’ climate impacts. We examine emissions reduction and the appropriate use of offsetting (Rayer, Ethical and Sustainable Investing and the Need for Carbon-Neutrality. In T. Walker, N. Sprung-Much, & S. Goubran (Eds.), Environmental Policy: An Economic Perspective (pp. 213–232). Wiley-Blackwell, 2020), including challenges such as carbon storage robustness (Broekhoff et al., Securing Climate Benefit: A Guide to Using Carbon Offsets. Stockholm Environment Institute & Greenhouse Gas Management Institute. Retrieved June 25, 2021 from Offsetguide.org/pdf-download/ , 2019; Joos et al., Carbon Dioxide and Climate Impulse Response Functions for the Computation of Greenhouse Gas Metrics: A Multi-model Analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 2793–2825, 2013). We illustrate these guidelines using the PAS 2060 carbon-neutrality standard (BSI, PAS 2060:2014 Carbon Neutrality. Retrieved February 5, 2020 from https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/PAS-2060-Carbon-Neutrality/ , 2014). In summary, while offsetting is required for climate stabilization, schemes differ in their capacity to halt AGW. High-quality offsetting is required to stabilize warming; herein we discuss key physical considerations. 

Defining Net-Zero and Climate Recommendations for Carbon Offsetting

Risk-Rating GHG Emissions Offsets Based on Climate Requirements

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Defining Net-Zero and Climate Recommendations for Carbon Offsetting

Risk-Rating GHG Emissions Offsets Based on Climate Requirements