2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand

Usage impact on data center electricity needs: A system dynamic forecasting model

Abstract ICT hold significant potential to increase resource and energy efficiencies and contribute to a circular economy. Yet unresolved is whether the aggregated net effect of ICT overall mitigates or aggravates environmental burdens. While the savings potentials have been explored, drivers that prevent these and possible counter measures have not been researched thoroughly. The concept digital sufficiency constitutes a basis to understand how ICT can become part of the essential environmental transformation. Digital sufficiency consists of four dimensions, each suggesting a set of strategies and policy proposals: (a) hardware sufficiency, which aims for fewer devices needing to be produced and their absolute energy demand being kept to the lowest level possible to perform the desired tasks; (b) software sufficiency, which covers ensuring that data traffic and hardware utilization during application are kept as low as possible; (c) user sufficiency, which strives for users applying digital devices frugally and using ICT in a way that promotes sustainable lifestyles; and (d) economic sufficiency, which aspires to digitalization supporting a transition to an economy characterized not by economic growth as the primary goal but by sufficient production and consumption within planetary boundaries. The policies for hardware and software sufficiency are relatively easily conceivable and executable. Policies for user and economic sufficiency are politically more difficult to implement and relate strongly to policies for environmental transformation in general. This article argues for comprehensive policies for digital sufficiency, which are indispensible if ICT are to play a beneficial role in overall environmental transformation. 

/pdf/digital-sufficiency-conceptual-considerations-for-icts-on-a-1vbpxlrs.pdf

Digital sufficiency: conceptual considerations for ICTs on a finite planet

Sources of data center energy estimates: A comprehensive review

/pdf/energy-consumption-of-data-centers-worldwide-how-will-the-8ucyms3mu3.pdf

Energy Consumption of Data Centers Worldwide - How will the Internet become Green?

http://www.cell.com/article/S2666389923000028/pdf

Systems thinking and efficiency under emissions constraints: Addressing rebound effects in digital innovation and policy

The building sector is responsible for a major share of the final energy consumption in the European Union. Most attempts to improve this situation to date have focused on construction or retrofitting measures. In contrast, this article centers on the role of building energy management systems and its ability to improve energy efficiency as well as to increase the consumption rate of renewable energies in the building sector. The authors present findings from two research projects in Germany that have analyzed applications of the technology for reducing heating demand and electricity consumption in residential buildings and households. Particular attention was paid to life-cycle-wide and rebound effects of the technology to ensure that the applications achieve net savings. The results also illustrate that building energy management systems can facilitate the implementation of the next phase of the energy transition, which will require flexibility from the building sector to adapt energy consumption to more volatile production patterns from renewable energies. Open architectures, standards, and interfaces play a crucial role in this process.

/pdf/building-energy-management-systems-and-their-role-in-the-4f77ztix6k.pdf

Building Energy Management Systems and their Role in the Energy Transition.

Digitalization is driving the increasing energy and resource needs of ICT. In Germany, ICT accounts for eight percent of electricity consumption. Data centers alone currently consume 2.3% of the electricity in Germany, with an upward trend. Although the ICT sector is generally considered to be very innovative and new solutions are often implemented very quickly, deployment of energyand resource-efficient innovations is frequently confronted with considerable obstacles and barriers. Innovation alliances of companies are a promising instrument of governmental support for new environmental technologies in the fast-paced ICT sector. In the past ten years, several initiatives of this kind have been launched, e.g., the consortium GreenIT Amsterdam, the Innovationsallianz Rechenzentren (Innovation Alliance Data Centers) in Hesse, Germany, and the Netzwerk energieeffiziente Rechenzentren (Network EnergyEfficient Data Centers). Some of these initiatives have achieved remarkable successes. The present paper analyzes such innovation alliances using the example of energy efficiency in data centers as the field of application. Three good-practice examples from Germany are presented. The paper shows what these innovation alliances can achieve and analyzes the factors contributing to their successful implementation. It concludes with concrete recommendations for practical implementation of such initiatives.

/pdf/innovation-alliances-for-sustainable-ict-good-practices-and-3lxfzyfhyz.pdf

Innovation alliances for sustainable ICT - Good practices and success factors, using the example of initiatives to improve the energy efficiency of data centers

Energy consumption for heating, cooling, and warm water production in the building sector is a major source of CO2 emissions in Europe. Building automation and control systems (BACS), using ICT-based monitoring and management applications to reduce energy consumption, have long been considered a key technology to improve efficiency in the building sector but CO2 abatement potential is unclear. Most studies on the technology either use a vague definition of BACS or calculate on the basis of insufficiently evaluated applications and efficiency potential. This paper builds on a study previously conducted by the authors that analyzed CO2 reduction potential (Mt CO2 emissions saved) from clearly defined application scenarios of BACS in the residential and non-residential building sectors in Germany. Effects were calculated using secured efficiency factors derived from standards (EN ISO 15232, etc.). The methodological approach and the results of this study were subsequently used to apply the ETSI/ITU framework, in particular to evaluate application scenarios of building automation. Through application of the ETSI/ITU framework, the authors also draw preliminary conclusions for CO2 mitigation strategies in the building sectors of other European member states by discussing possible use of the framework for other housing and heating structures.

Decarbonization Potential of Building Automation: Results of a German Study and Outlook

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