Laser cooling and trapping are central to modern atomic physics. The most used technique in cold-atom physics is the magneto-optical trap (MOT), which combines laser cooling with a restoring force from radiation pressure. For a variety of atomic species, MOTs can capture and cool large numbers of particles to ultracold temperatures (less than ∼1 millikelvin); this has enabled advances in areas that range from optical clocks to the study of ultracold collisions, while also serving as the ubiquitous starting point for further cooling into the regime of quantum degeneracy. Magneto-optical trapping of molecules could provide a similarly powerful starting point for the study and manipulation of ultracold molecular gases. The additional degrees of freedom associated with the vibration and rotation of molecules, particularly their permanent electric dipole moments, allow a broad array of applications not possible with ultracold atoms. Spurred by these ideas, a variety of methods has been developed to create ultracold molecules. Temperatures below 1 microkelvin have been demonstrated for diatomic molecules assembled from pre-cooled alkali atoms, but for the wider range of species amenable to direct cooling and trapping, only recently have temperatures below 100 millikelvin been achieved. The complex internal structure of molecules complicates magneto-optical trapping. However, ideas and methods necessary for creating a molecular MOT have been developed recently. Here we demonstrate three-dimensional magneto-optical trapping of a diatomic molecule, strontium monofluoride (SrF), at a temperature of approximately 2.5 millikelvin, the lowest yet achieved by direct cooling of a molecule. This method is a straightforward extension of atomic techniques and is expected to be viable for a significant number of diatomic species. With further development, we anticipate that this technique may be employed in any number of existing and proposed molecular experiments, in applications ranging from precision measurement to quantum simulation and quantum information to ultracold chemistry.

/pdf/magneto-optical-trapping-of-a-diatomic-molecule-35poigb2eo.pdf

Magneto-optical Trapping of a Diatomic Molecule

Motivated by advances in the manipulation and detection of ultracold atoms with multiple internal degrees of freedom, we present a finite-temperature lattice Monte Carlo calculation of the density and pressure equations of state, as well as Tan's contact, of attractively interacting SU(4)- and SU(6)-symmetric fermion systems in one spatial dimension. We also furnish a nonperturbative proof of a universal relation whereby quantities computable in the SU(2) case completely determine the virial coefficients of the SU($N_f$) case. These one-dimensional systems are appealing because they can be experimentally realized in highly constrained traps and because of the dominant role played by correlations. The latter are typically nonperturbative and are crucial for understanding ground states and quantum phase transitions. While quantum fluctuations are typically overpowered by thermal ones in one and two dimensions at any finite temperature, we find that quantum effects do leave their imprint in thermodynamic quantities. Our calculations show that the additional degrees of freedom, relative to the SU(2) case, provide a dramatic enhancement of the density and pressure (in units of their noninteracting counterparts) in a wide region around vanishing $\beta\mu$, where $\beta$ is the inverse temperature and $\mu$ the chemical potential. As shown recently in experiments, the thermodynamics we explore here can be measured in a controlled and precise fashion in highly constrained traps and optical lattices. Our results are a prediction for such experiments in one dimension with atoms of high nuclear spin.

Thermodynamics of one-dimensional SU(4) and SU(6) fermions with attractive interactions

/pdf/crystallization-and-natural-aging-of-thin-films-produced-by-4gw5gxtimc.pdf

Crystallization and natural aging of thin films produced by pulsed laser evaporation of rhenium

A quantum description adapted to scrutinize chemical reaction mechanisms obtains by implementing an electronuclear separation via quantum numbers method; truly diabatic base states obtain that sustain quantum states expressed as linear superpositions. A proto-type bond breaking/formation case: $${H_{2}^{+}\Leftrightarrow H(1s)+H^{+}}$$
 test possibilities via mathematical modeling. Asymptotic states $${({\vert}{H}\rangle\otimes{\vert}{H}^{+}\rangle}$$
 and $${({\vert}{H}^{+}\rangle\otimes{\vert}{H}\rangle)}$$
 and basis states for quantized electromagnetic radiation complete the model; Feshbach-resonance-like quantum states obtain that play pivotal roles gating association/dissociation processes. A fixed grid of floating Gaussian orbitals permits actual computations compatible with this method. The information therefrom gleaned is used to construct model Hamiltonians easily adaptable to second quantization formalisms. Theoretical developments and non-routine computations results can directly be related to experiment.

Constructing quantum mechanical models starting from diabatic schemes: Quantum states for simulations bond break/formation—I. Feshbach-like quantum states and electronuclear wave functions

Michael Hoffman: Thermodynamics of one-dimensional many-flavor fermions at finite temperature: density, pressure, compressibility, and contact (Under the direction of Joaquin Drut) Motivated by advances in the manipulation and detection of ultracold atoms with multiple internal degrees of freedom, we present a finite-temperature lattice Monte Carlo calculation of the density and pressure equations of state, as well as Tan’s contact, of attractively interacting SU(2)-, SU(4)-, and SU(6)-symmetric fermion systems in one spatial dimension. We also furnish a nonperturbative proof of a universal relation whereby quantities computable in the SU(2) case completely determine the virial coefficients of the SU(Nf ) case. These one-dimensional systems are appealing because they can be experimentally realized in highly constrained traps and because of the dominant role played by correlations. These correlations are typically nonperturbative and are crucial for understanding ground states and quantum phase transitions. While quantum fluctuations are typically overpowered by thermal ones in one and two dimensions at any finite temperature, we find that quantum effects do leave their imprint in thermodynamic quantities. Our calculations show that the additional degrees of freedom, relative to the SU(2) case, provide a dramatic enhancement of the density and pressure The results presented here are a prediction for future experiments in one dimension with atoms of high nuclear spin.

https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/n296wz43m

Thermodynamics of one-dimensional many-flavor fermions at finite temperature: density, pressure, compressibility, and contact

Atoms colliding in a magnetic field can form weakly bound states called Feshbach molecules. These states have now been used in combination with advanced laser techniques to create tightly bound ground-state molecules close to quantum degeneracy.

https://physics.aps.org/articles/pdf/10.1103/Physics.1.24

From atoms to molecules (and back)

Two separate groups have managed to control the interactions in a cold atomic gas in which each atom has two valence electrons.

Viewpoint: Controlling Collisions in a Two-Electron Atomic Gas

/pdf/controlling-collisions-in-a-two-electron-atomic-gas-cdw8lk9zuq.pdf

Controlling Collisions in a Two-Electron Atomic Gas

The creation of ultracold molecules that have both an electric and a magnetic dipole moment offers new ways to explore physics in the many-body quantum regime.

A New Spin on Ultracold Molecules

Viewpoint: A New Spin on Ultracold Molecules

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