Smart irrigation monitoring and control strategies for improving water use efficiency in precision agriculture: A review

https://escholarship.org/content/qt1qx448v7/qt1qx448v7.pdf?t=okn0zp

A comparison of numerical and machine-learning modeling of soil water content with limited input data

The aim of this review is to report changes in irrigated cotton water use from research projects and on-farm practice-change programs in Australia, in relation to both plant-based and irrigation engineering disciplines. At least 80% of the Australian cotton-growing area is irrigated using gravity surface-irrigation systems. This review found that, over 23 years, cotton crops utilise 6-7ML/ha of irrigation water, depending on the amount of seasonal rain received. The seasonal evapotranspiration of surface-irrigated crops averaged 729mm over this period. Over the past decade, water-use productivity by Australian cotton growers has improved by 40%. This has been achieved by both yield increases and more efficient water-management systems. The whole-farm irrigation efficiency index improved from 57% to 70%, and the crop water use index is >3kg/mm.ha, high by international standards. Yield increases over the last decade can be attributed to plant-breeding advances, the adoption of genetically modified varieties, and improved crop management. Also, there has been increased use of irrigation scheduling tools and furrow-irrigation system optimisation evaluations. This has reduced in-field deep-drainage losses. The largest loss component of the farm water balance on cotton farms is evaporation from on-farm water storages. Some farmers are changing to alternative systems such as centre pivots and lateral-move machines, and increasing numbers of these alternatives are expected. These systems can achieve considerable labour and water savings, but have significantly higher energy costs associated with water pumping and machine operation. The optimisation of interactions between water, soils, labour, carbon emissions and energy efficiency requires more research and on-farm evaluations. Standardisation of water-use efficiency measures and improved water measurement techniques for surface irrigation are important research outcomes to enable valid irrigation benchmarks to be established and compared. Water-use performance is highly variable between cotton farmers and farming fields and across regions. Therefore, site-specific measurement is important. The range in the presented datasets indicates potential for further improvement in water-use efficiency and productivity on Australian cotton farms.

/pdf/water-use-efficiency-and-productivity-trends-in-australian-49v9qe3g8m.pdf

Water-use efficiency and productivity trends in Australian irrigated cotton: a review

Precision agricultural greenhouse systems indicate considerable scope for improvement of irrigation management practices, since growers typically irrigate crops based on their personal experience. Soil-based greenhouse crop irrigation management requires estimation on a daily basis, whereas soilless systems must be estimated on an hourly or even shorter interval schedule. Historically, irrigation scheduling methods have been based on soil or substrate monitoring, dependent on climate or time with each having both strengths and weaknesses. Recently, plant-based monitoring or plant reflectance-derived indices have been developed, yet their potential is limited for estimating the irrigation rate in order to apply proper irrigation scheduling. Optimization of irrigation practices imposes different irrigation approaches, based on prevailing greenhouse environments, considering plant-water-soil relationships. This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature, which deals with irrigation scheduling approaches applied for soil and soilless greenhouse production systems. Irrigation decisions are categorized according to whether or not an automatic irrigation control has the ability to support a feedback irrigation decision system. The need for further development of neural networks systems is required.

Irrigation of Greenhouse Crops

Precision irrigation is still in its infancy both in Australia and internationally. Despite the widespread promotion and adoption of precision agriculture in dry land cropping systems, the concept of precision irrigation or irrigation as a component of precision agricultural systems has not been widely canvassed nor its potential evaluated. This report is the outcome from a NPSI funded review of relevant irrigation research, existing technologies and the use of precision irrigation. It includes an assessment of the role of current irrigation application technologies in precision irrigation, as well as variable rate applications, adaptive control and the sensing and decision support requirements. The review also provides a framework to guide research and development of precision irrigation and its associated sensing, control, and decision support technologies.

/pdf/review-of-precision-irrigation-technologies-and-their-55n3rb9pdv.pdf

Review of precision irrigation technologies and their application

This publication was conceived as a first reference point for individuals who are new to plant based sensing. It is also hoped that the collation of this plant based sensor
information will assist farmers and industry advisers to make more informed decisions in relation to the choice and use of plant based sensing technology for irrigation scheduling.

/pdf/a-grower-guide-to-plant-based-sensing-for-irrigation-625wrq4m34.pdf

A grower guide to plant based sensing for irrigation scheduling

Partial Root Zone Drying (PRD) is an irrigation strategy which involves the alternate drying and wetting of sub-sections of the plant root zone. Savings in crop water use productivity from PRD is a result of changes in the plant biochemical and physiological response from the imposed soil moisture gradient. However, an understanding of the relationship between the soil moisture gradient and plant response is required before PRD can be used to improve crop water use productivity. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to a soil moisture gradient imposed across the root zone. Cotton plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in split pots. Control treatment pots were well watered on both sides of the split pots and a Non-alternated PRD treatment had water applied to only one side of the split pot with the other allowed to dry over a 24 day period. Soil moisture potential on each side of the split pots was measured along with changes in plant stem sap abscisic acid, sap pH, and stomatal conductance. The imposed soil moisture gradient resulted in a four-fold increase in xylem sap abscisic acid concentration, peaking at a soil moisture potential of -2360 kPa. However, this soil moisture gradient did not produce any significant (P<0.05) difference in either xylem sap pH or stomatal conductance. These findings suggest that it may not be possible to maintain the plant water status of cotton grown under commercial field conditions and simultaneously impose a sufficiently large soil moisture gradient across the root zone to induce
a PRD response.

/pdf/physiological-response-of-cotton-to-a-root-zone-soil-38gql46efb.pdf

Physiological response of cotton to a root zone soil moisture gradient: implications for partial root zone drying irrigation

Partial Root Zone Drying (PRD) is an irrigation strategy which involves the alternate drying and wetting of sub-sections of the plant root zone. Savings in crop water use productivity from PRD is a result of changes in the plant biochemical and physiological response from the imposed soil moisture gradient. However, an understanding of the relationship between the soil moisture gradient and plant response is required before PRD can be used to improve crop water use productivity. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to a soil moisture gradient imposed across the root zone. Cotton plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in split pots. Control treatment pots were well watered on both sides of the split pots and a Non-alternated PRD treatment had water applied to only one side of the split pot with the other allowed to dry over a 24 day period. Soil moisture potential on each side of the split pots was measured along with changes in plant stem sap abscisic acid, sap pH, and stomatal conductance. The imposed soil moisture gradient resulted in a four-fold increase in xylem sap abscisic acid concentration, peaking at a soil moisture potential of -2360 kPa. However, this soil moisture gradient did not produce any significant (P<0.05) difference in either xylem sap pH or stomatal conductance. These findings suggest that it may not be pos sible to maintain the plant water status of cotton grown under commercial field conditions and simultaneously impose a sufficiently large soil moisture gradient across the root zone to induce a PRD response.

AGRONOMY AND SOILS Physiological Response of Cotton to a Root Zone Soil Moisture Gradient: Implications for Partial Root zone Drying Irrigation.

Irrigation water restrictions in the cotton industry have increased the focus on improving water use efficiency. regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) has been found to improve the water use of efficiency of cotton under drip irrigation. Partial rootzone drying (PRD) has been commercially implemented in grapevines and found to increase the water use efficiency for a variety of crops. This paper investigates the potential to improve cotton water use efficiency using RDI and PRD strategies applied with lateral move machines. A range of RDI treatments (71 % - 100 % evapotranspiration replaced) and a PRD and non-PRD treatment were applied to a crop of Sicot 180 during the 2002/2003 cotton season. No yield reduction was found between the fully irrigated and the 50% RDI treatment that received 1.05 ML/ha less water. Crop WUE was found to increase from 0.94 bales/ha to 1.17 bales/ha as the irrigation water applied was reduced from 100% to 79 % of evapotranspiration replacement. No difference in physiological growth and yield was found due to the implementation of the PRD treatment. Further work is required to confirm the RDI results, further explore the application of PRD strategies using these machines, and to more fully understand the physiological response of cotton to imposed soil moisture deficits applied either by volume (RDI) or space (PRD).

Identifying the potential to apply deficit irrigation strategies in cotton using large mobile irrigation machines

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Papers

A grower guide to plant based sensing for irrigation scheduling

Physiological response of cotton to a root zone soil moisture gradient: implications for partial root zone drying irrigation

AGRONOMY AND SOILS Physiological Response of Cotton to a Root Zone Soil Moisture Gradient: Implications for Partial Root zone Drying Irrigation.

Identifying the potential to apply deficit irrigation strategies in cotton using large mobile irrigation machines