The usability of the user interface is a key aspect for the success of several industrial products. This assumption has led to the introduction of numerous design methodologies addressed to evaluate the user-friendliness of industrial products. Most of these methodologies follow the participatory design approach to involve the user in the design process. Virtual Reality is a valid tool to support Participatory Design, because it facilitates the collaboration among designers and users. The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility and the efficacy of an innovative Participatory Design approach where Virtual Reality plays a 'double role': a tool to evaluate the usability of the virtual product interface, and a communication channel that allows users to be directly involved in the design process as co-designers. In order to achieve these goals, we conducted three experiments: the purpose of the first experiment is to determine the influence of the virtual interface on the usability evaluation by comparing ''user-real product'' interaction and ''user-virtual product'' interaction. Subsequently, we tested the effectiveness of our approach with two experiments involving users (directly or through their participation in a focus group) in the redesign of a product user interface. The experiments were conducted with two typologies of consumer appliances: a microwave oven and a washing machine.

Product interface design: A participatory approach based on virtual reality

Tangible augmented prototyping of digital handheld products

Tangible Augmented Prototyping of Digital Handheld Products

The proliferation of mobile devices and applications has seen an unprecedented rise in recent years. Application domains of mobile systems range from personal assistants to point-of-care health informatics systems. Software development for such diverse application domains requires stringent and well-defined development process. Software testing is a type of verification that is required to achieve more reliable system. Even though, Software Engineering literature contains many research studies that address challenging issues in mobile application development, we could not have identified a comprehensive literature review study on this subject. In this paper, we present a systematic mapping of the Software Verification in the field of mobile applications. We provide definitive metrics and publications about mobile application testing, which we believe will allow fellow researchers to identify gaps and research opportunities in this field.

Mobile Application Verification: A Systematic Mapping Study

To realize the virtual design and prototyping of every digital consumer product faithfully, it is important to allow all the people involved in the design process to experience its realistic appearance and functional behaviour. Proposed in this paper is a novel approach to design evaluation of a digital consumer product, which can satisfy such requirements using virtual reality-based functional behaviour simulation. In the approach, a product model, multimedia contents data, a functional behaviour model and a finite state machine are combined to constitute the virtual product model of a product of interest. A state transition methodology is adopted to capture the functional behaviour of the product, which is simulated by the finite state machine in a virtual reality environment. Based on the approach, a product design evaluation system has been developed and applied for the design evaluation of various products. A preliminary user study has been conducted to show the usefulness of the proposed ap...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09544820701474129

Design evaluation of digital consumer products using virtual reality-based functional behaviour simulation

New product development based on virtual reality prototyping

The topic of this paper is a spin-off from a study in a much larger ‘VIRPI—Research and Development Project on Virtual Prototyping Services for the Electronics and Telecommunications Industries’ project. A number of Finnish universities and companies participated in VIRPI, which was funded by the companies and the National Technology Agency TEKES. The goal of the research was to develop virtual prototyping techniques for use in product development. The aim of one of the subprojects of VIRPI was to study the use of Internet-based virtual prototypes for usability testing. The result was that virtual prototypes can be used in usability evaluation, that task-based tests seem more beneficial than the free exploration approach, and that emphasis and further research must be directed to the design of the data logging (Kuutti, Sade and Battarbee 1999; Battarbee et al. 1999). In the study, a usability test with a virtual reality modelling language (VRML) model was simulated. An interactive VRML model of a rather simple conceptual mobile phone was placed in a web browser window, where it could be manipulated, and its buttons could be pressed to navigate in its user interface with the according feedback on its display. The fictive product concept was a very small mobile phone with no numeric keypad, to be used as an extension for a communicator. The VRML model was not a very high fidelity prototype aesthetically, which is typical for virtual reality models, because they must be light enough, in terms of computer file size to be manipulated through the Internet. A VRML model is not as precise and detailed as a Computer Aided Design (CAD) model, but it can represent the interactivity of the product. ‘Virtual reality prototyping is a process in which a product or a product concept, its behaviour and usage are simulated as realistically as possible using computer models and virtual reality techniques’ (Kerttula 1999). In the course of comparing the task-based approach to free exploration as the usability testing strategy, users were shown a physical model of the concept at the end of the

Emotional Responses to Virtual Prototypes in the Design Evaluation of a Product Concept

This paper describes the experience gained in the case study of adapting the Bridge, a GUI design method to the design of non-GUI interactive consumer products.An industrial design consultancy was looking for an efficient way of discussing the initial design ideas for a product and its user interface (UI) with the client and the client's software design consultant. The Bridge, which is a fast participatory method for bridging the gap between user requirements and the design of object-oriented graphical user interfaces (GUI) was applied in the task of designing a smart product - an interactive consumer electronic product. The goal was to design a software and hardware user interface concept in a well-structured and fruitful manner with limited time and expenses. A further goal was to assist the industrial designers in participating in their client's strategic design decision making and in the design of the overall user experience, instead of conducting a plain project-level product design.The solution was an application of the Bridge method, which was user-centered, but not participatory. The approach was new to the participating companies. The results were promising, both in getting concrete design ideas in a very short time to support decision making, and in facilitating new kind of communication between the participants very early in the process.

Bridge for buttons - a GUI design methodology applied in non-GUI consumer product design

This paper describes a study of a three-dimensional virtual prototype intended for usability resting and concept validation over the Internet. A virtual reality modeling language (VRML)-model of a fictive mobile phone concept with simulated interaction functionality was tested for usability following two approaches. The first group performed a traditional task-based usability test, the other performed a free exploration test. The approaches were compared, for example, by asking the participants to draw their mental model of the product's user interface. The research aimed at supporting de-centralised product development. The goal was to expand the possibilities of user-centred design methods by utilising the internet. The results indicate that 3D virtual reality prototypes can be used for remote usability testing and design evaluation. The limitations and requirements for successful prototyping and testing are discussed. The task-based and free exploration testing approaches are also compared. Moreover, broader issues on usability testing using virtual reality (VR) models compared to physical models are discussed. For example how users experienced the product from the VR model compared to a physical appearance model.

Virtual prototypes in usability testing

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New product development based on virtual reality prototyping

Emotional Responses to Virtual Prototypes in the Design Evaluation of a Product Concept

Bridge for buttons - a GUI design methodology applied in non-GUI consumer product design

Virtual prototypes in usability testing