Manipulation of ferromagnetism in intrinsic two-dimensional magnetic and nonmagnetic materials

There has been considerable interest in the search and design of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) compounds with exotic magnetic behavior. Here we establish the growth of phase pure...

Single Crystal Synthesis and Properties of the Two-Dimensional van der Waals Frustrated Magnets, Mn2In2Se5 and Mn2Ga2S5

The electronic and magnetic structure of ${\mathrm{CrPS}}_{4}$, a two-dimensional (2D) magnetic semiconductor is examined by employing the SCAN meta-GGA density functional. We find the resulting magnetic moment and band gap are in excellent agreement with experiment. From the bulk magnetic configurations, we confirm the experimentally observed A-type antiferromagnetic (A-AFM) ordered ground state with a magnetic moment of $2.78\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\textmu{}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ per chromium atom and band gap of 1.34 eV. To gain insight into the evolution of the ground state with layers, the total energy of each magnetic configuration is calculated for a variety of thicknesses. Monolayer ${\mathrm{CrPS}}_{4}$ is predicted to be a ferromagnetic insulator with a band gap of 1.37 eV, and A-AFM for bilayer and trilayer, with band gaps of 1.35 and 1.30 eV, respectively. The electronic structure is reported for the single-, two-, and three-layer and bulk ${\mathrm{CrPS}}_{4}$. Finally, we explore the optical properties of the 2D structure and report the dielectric tensor components and Kerr parameters for the monolayer. 

Parameter-free treatment of a layered correlated van der Waals magnet: 
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CrPS</mml:mi><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>

Layered, or 2D materials refer to compounds in which the arrangement of atoms and bonding pathways along two dimensions are similar and much stronger than along the third dimension. Compounds in which the bonding along the third dimension is dominated by vdW interactions are referred to as 2D vdW materials. The focus of this chapter is to survey the zoology and breadth of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) compounds. We will start by describing synthetic techniques to grow 2D vdW compounds in bulk crystal, thin film and few-layer form, highlighting the various methodologies for the preparation of monolayers. We will also detail strategies that have been developed to prepare lateral, vertical, and twisted heterostructures of different 2D vdW compounds. We will then survey the structure, properties and applications of the most well-studied “canonical” families of 2D vdW materials, emphasizing known changes in properties once the materials are exfoliated to the monolayer and few-layer thicknesses. We end by describing the structure and properties of emerging families of 2D vdW compounds, and their changes upon exfoliation to the few layer form. 

The zoology of two-dimensional van der waals materials

We report the crystal growth and structural and electronic properties of superconducting, van der Waals layered PtTe. Easily cleavable crystals with a plate-like morphology consistent with the layered structure were grown from a platinum rich flux. A consistent determination of Tc = 0.57 K is made from the onset of diamagnetism, the zero of resistivity, and the midpoint of the heat capacity jump. The observed behavior is consistent with type-II superconductivity, with upper critical field at T = 0 estimated using the WerthamerHelfand-Hohenberg theory to be 143 and 65 Oe for fields out of and in the plane, respectively. The heat capacity discontinuity is close to the weak coupling BCS value. Density functional theory calculations and analysis of the electronic structure finds that PtTe is a topological semimetal with numerous surface states, but suggests the superconducting state itself may be topologically trivial. Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveals a normal-state Fermi surface in remarkable agreement with theory, and confirms the overall topological nature of the material by experimental identification of the surface bands. Together, these findings identify PtTe as an interesting example of a cleavable, topological, and superconducting material.

Electronic and topological properties of the van der Waals layered superconductor PtTe

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this article, the participant should be able to (1) understand how unique biological and developmental characteristics of children influence pediatric cancer treatment and how advancements in diagnostics and adjuvant therapy help tailor care, (2) describe treatment approaches to pediatric head and neck malignancies, and (3) understand how surgical resection integrates with multimodal systemic therapies.


SUMMARY
Pediatric head and neck malignancies require a tailored, multidisciplinary management approach that considers the unique biological, developmental, and long-term implications in this vulnerable population. This comprehensive review provides a disease-specific overview of the most common pediatric head and neck cancers. Current evidence-based surgical and nonsurgical treatment strategies are summarized, and recent advancements in diagnostic imaging, minimally invasive techniques, and adjuvant therapies are discussed for each cancer type commonly incurred within the pediatric population. The integration of multi-agent chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapeutic modalities with precise surgical intervention has reshaped treatment paradigms and led to improved survival outcomes while minimizing long-term patient morbidity. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis, prompt initiation of treatment, and vigilant long-term follow-up to monitor patients for both recurrence and treatment-related complications. Ultimately, this review serves as a practical guide to clinicians, reinforcing the critical role of a coordinated, interdisciplinary team-including pediatric oncologists, surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, and allied specialists-in optimizing care and enhancing quality of life for children with head and neck malignancies.

A Primer for Pediatric Plastic Surgeons on Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies: Part IV-Common Disease-Specific Management Strategies for Pediatric Head and Neck Tumors.

A Primer for Pediatric Plastic Surgeons on Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies: Part II-The Initial Diagnostic Workup of Common Pediatric Head and Neck Tumors.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this article, the participant should be able to (1) understand the incidence and trends of pediatric head and neck cancer; (2) identify the common tumors that present in the head and neck region; (3) describe the risk factors and pathogenesis associated with these malignancies, to identify children at risk; and (4) describe and understand the common presentations of these tumors to gain confidence in diagnosing these patients early in practice.


SUMMARY
Pediatric head and neck malignancies are rare; however, their incidence is rising rapidly, with an incidence of 3.29 diagnoses per 100,000 person-years. These malignancies often present with nonspecific symptoms distinct from adults, making early diagnosis more challenging. Recognizing early symptoms in children is essential to improve treatment and long-term outcomes. This review discusses the incidence, pathogenesis, classification, and presentation of the common pediatric head and neck malignancies, including lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, thyroid carcinoma, salivary gland malignancies, bone malignancies, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and melanoma.

A Primer for Pediatric Plastic Surgeons on Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies: Part I-Epidemiology and Overview of Common Pediatric Head and Neck Tumors.

The development of thermally robust, air-stable, exfoliatable two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnetic materials with high transition temperatures is of great importance. Here, we establish a family of magnetic alloys, CrxPt1-xTe2 (x ≤ 0.45), that combines the stability of the late transition metal dichalcogenide PtTe2 with magnetism from Cr. These materials are easily grown in crystal form from the melt, are stable in ambient conditions, and have among the highest concentrations of magnetic element substitution in transition metal dichalcogenide alloys. The highest Cr-substituted material, Cr0.45Pt0.55Te2, exhibits ferromagnetic behavior below 220 K, and the easy axis is along the c-axis of the material, as determined using a combination of neutron diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements. These materials are metallic, with appreciable magnetoresistance below the Curie temperature. Single-crystal and powder diffraction measurements indicate Cr readily alloys onto the Pt site and does not sit in the van der Waals space, allowing these materials to be readily exfoliated to the few-layer regime. In summary, this air-stable, exfoliatable, high transition temperature ferromagnet shows great potential as building block for future 2D devices.

CrxPt1-xTe2 (x ≤ 0.45): A Family of Air-Stable and Exfoliatable van der Waals Ferromagnets.

The Increasing Incidence in Pediatric Thyroid Cancer: A Topical Review and Future Direction

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