Cellulose is the most abundant biomass material in nature. Extracted from natural fibers, its hierarchical and multi-level organization allows different kinds of nanoscaled cellulosic fillers—called cellulose nanocrystals or microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)—to be obtained. Recently, such cellulose nanoparticles have been the focus of an exponentially increasing number of works or reviews devoted to understanding such materials and their applications. Major studies over the last decades have shown that cellulose nanoparticles could be used as fillers to improve mechanical and barrier properties of biocomposites. Their use for industrial packaging is being investigated, with continuous studies to find innovative solutions for efficient and sustainable systems. Processing is more and more important and different systems are detailed in this paper depending on the polymer solubility, i.e., (i) hydrosoluble systems, (ii) non-hydrosoluble systems, and (iii) emulsion systems. This paper intends to give a clear overview of cellulose nanoparticles reinforced composites with more than 150 references by describing their preparation, characterization, properties and applications.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/2/4/728/pdf

Cellulosic Bionanocomposites: A Review of Preparation, Properties and Applications

Cellulose nanocrystals are unique nanomaterials derived from the most abundant and almost inexhaustible natural polymer, cellulose. These nanomaterials have received significant interest due to their mechanical, optical, chemical, and rheological properties. Cellulose nanocrystals primarily obtained from naturally occurring cellulose fibers are biodegradable and renewable in nature and hence they serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly material for most applications. These nanocrystals are basically hydrophilic in nature; however, they can be surface functionalized to meet various challenging requirements, such as the development of high-performance nanocomposites, using hydrophobic polymer matrices. Considering the ever-increasing interdisciplinary research being carried out on cellulose nanocrystals, this review aims to collate the knowledge available about the sources, chemical structure, and physical and chemical isolation procedures, as well as describes the mechanical, optical, and rheological properties, of cellulose nanocrystals. Innovative applications in diverse fields such as biomedical engineering, material sciences, electronics, catalysis, etc, wherein these cellulose nanocrystals can be used, are highlighted.

/pdf/cellulose-nanocrystals-synthesis-functional-properties-and-4ej01axfo4.pdf

Cellulose nanocrystals: synthesis, functional properties, and applications.

This review provides a critical assessment of the use of cellulosic materials for reinforcement in polymer composites. The review focuses on structure–property interrelationships and the compatibilization of cellulosic materials for optimal performance of the resulting composite materials. Optimal material and physical properties are characterized on the basis of the reinforcement’s physical dimension and the nature of the interface between reinforcement and matrix. We explore how very different cellulosic materials—bacterial, microcrystalline, microfibrillated or nanocrystalline—can cause distinctly different reinforcment.

Cellulose reinforced polymer composites and nanocomposites: a critical review

The amalgamation of polymer and pharmaceutical sciences led to the introduction of polymer in the design and development of drug delivery systems. Polymeric delivery systems are mainly intended to achieve controlled or sustained drug delivery. Polysaccharides fabricated into hydrophilic matrices remain popular biomaterials for controlled-release dosage forms and the most abundant naturally occurring biopolymer is cellulose; so hdroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydrox- ypropyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose can be used for production of time controlled delivery systems. Additionally microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellu- lose, hydroxyethyl cellulose as well as hydroxypropyl cellulose are used to coat tablets. Cellulose acetate phthalate and hydroxymethyl cellulose phthalate are also used for enteric coating of tablets. Targeting of drugs to the colon following oral administration has also been accomplished by using polysaccharides such as hdroxypropylmethyl cellulose and hydrox- ypropyl cellulose in hydrated form; also they act as binders that swell when hydrated by gastric media and delay absorption. This paper assembles the current knowledge on the structure and chemistry of cellulose, and in the development of innova- tive cellulose esters and ethers for pharmaceuticals.

/pdf/pharmaceutical-significance-of-cellulose-a-review-51cx6newob.pdf

Pharmaceutical significance of cellulose: A review

Nanotechnology has applications across most economic sectors and allows the development of new enabling sci- ence. The ability to see materials down to nanoscale dimensions and to control how materials are constructed at the nanoscale is providing the opportunity to develop new materials and products in previously unimagined ways. This review covers the academic and industrial aspects of the preparation, characterization, material properties, crystalliza- tion behavior; melt rheology, and processing of polymer/cellulose or cellulose/cellulose nanocomposites. Cellulosic mate- rials have a great potential as nanomaterials because they are abundant, renewable, have a nanofibrillar structure, can be made multifunctional, and self-assemble into well-defined architectures. The fibrillation of pulp fiber to obtain nano-order- unit web-like network structure, called microfibrillated cellulose, is obtained through a mechanical treatment of pulp fibers, consisting of refining and high pressure homogenizing processes. Also, nano-whisker can be used as novel reinforcement in nanocomposites; it can be obtained by acid hydrolysis from various sources such as wood, tunicin, ramie, cotton, wheat straw, bacterial cellulose, and sugar beet. The properties of nanocomposite materials depend not only on the properties of their individual parents, but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics. Compared with plant cellulose, bacte- rial cellulose has found many applications in the biomedical field as tissue engineering materials due to their good biocom- patibility, mechanical properties similar to those of hard and soft tissue and easy fabrication into a variety of shapes with adjustable interconnected porosity. One of the drawbacks of cellulose whiskers with polar surfaces is poor dispersibil- ity/compatibility with nonpolar solvents or resins. Thus, their incorporation as reinforcing materials for nanocomposites has so far been largely limited to aqueous or polar systems. To overcome this problem and broaden the type of possible poly- mer matrices, efforts of surface modification have been made. These attempts include surfactant coating or graft copoly- merization.

/pdf/nanotechnology-and-its-applications-in-lignocellulosic-3vbdupcynl.pdf

Nanotechnology and its applications in lignocellulosic composites, a mini review

제약공업에서 정제를 성형시 사용하는 가장 중요한 첨가제 중의 하나인 미정질 셀룰로우스를 대상으로 하여 유성밀로 분쇄했을 때, 분쇄공정변수가 그것의 비표면적에 미치는 영향을 고찰하기 위하여 회귀분석을 하였다. 분쇄공정변수로서 독립변수인 시료장입량, 밀회전수 및 분쇄시간과 종속변수인 비표면적 사이에는 이차다항회귀곡선식이...

분쇄공정변수가 Microcrystalline cellulose의 비표면적에 미치는 영향

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분쇄공정변수가 Microcrystalline cellulose의 비표면적에 미치는 영향